Harmful Threats to the Human Body

Harmful Threats to the Human Body There are a lot of bacteria that are good for human bodies, but there are also a lot of bacteria that’s very harmful to the human body. Bad bacteria can affect people from swimming in lakes and ponds. â€Å"Many of the world's best-known disease outbreaks have been transmitted by water-borne bacterium. † Lakes and ponds are just un-treated drinking water. They have a lot of microorganisms in it that you cannot see. There are many ways to be contaminated by bacteria; you can swallow it, breathe it in, or they can get in an open wound.Being contaminated can cause skin infections, ear infections, eye infections, diarrhea, and respiratory infections. Langerhans cells and macrophages defend against microbes. Anyone can be infected by bacteria and there doesn’t have to be a lot of it in order to be infected. Vibrio cholera is a bacterium that causes cholera outbreaks around the world. Cholera isn’t common in the U. S. anymore bu t you should be careful when visiting out of state. Another bacterium found around the world is E. coli O157:H7. It produces a bloody diarrhea.It’s also a part of food contamination. It doesn’t take many organisms to get infected by this. Children and elderly are at high risk of severe illnesses. E. coli O157:H7 is even found in swimming pools. Leptospirosis is commonly transmitted by water contaminated by animal urine or soil that comes in contact with open wounds. It can either be barely noticeable or it can cause severe muscle pain. There are many different kinds of bacteria that can have a bad effect on the human body, especially in lake waters.A lot of people think that there is no way for your body to overheat, because of sweat. They think that sweating cools your body down so that it is impossible to overheat. That is wrong. If you get too hot too fast, your body cannot work fast enough to cool down. And if your body doesn’t eventually get cooler you can have a heat stroke or die. Lipid secretions also prevent dehydration. Symptoms of overheating are hard to breath, heart beats faster, you get dizzy, throwing up, and extreme dehydration.To keep from overheating you should drink lots of water and try to relax. When getting a sunburn your killing skin cells. After getting sunburn your skin tends to become red, sensitive to touch, and even warm. The outer layer of skin on your body is called the epidermis. Epidermis cells are the ones you can touch and see, they are also dead cells. The cells underneath that are living. They produce new dead cells to replenish your skin. The sun gives off ultraviolet light. Ultraviolet light is what kills the living cells.Nerve endings and receptors function to cause covering skin to prevent further sunburn. Sebum is lubrication of skin and hair. When your body senses dead cells your immune system starts working to heal your body. It increases blood flow in the affected areas, opening up capillary wall s so that white blood cells can come in and remove the damaged cells. The increased blood flow makes your skin warm and red. The nerve endings for pain begin sending signals to your brain. Damaged cells release chemicals that activate pain receptors. This is why sunburned skin is so sensitive.There are ways to prevent sunburn without having to stay inside. Use a sunscreen, which blocks ultraviolet light, or pace yourself so you get a tan first. When you get a tan, your body essentially creates its own sunscreen using special pigment cells in the epidermis. Deep cuts can become infected easily if it is not taken care of properly. Signs of infection are; redness or discoloration, swelling, warmth, pain, tenderness, scaling, itching, and pulse drainage. The skin may harden or tighten in the area and red streaks may radiate from the wound.Wound infections may also cause fevers, especially when they spread to the blood. While in the water and you happen to cut your foot; immediately lift up your foot to prevent a deeper cut. â€Å"Eccrine glands open by a duct directly onto the skin surface. When internal temperature rises, the eccrine glands secrete water to the skin surface, where heat is removed by evaporation. † There are many types of protective swim wear you can purchase to prevent organisms and chemicals from getting to your skin.

Xavier Andraca Vilar

Xavier Andraca Vilar To what extent can we say that language is a tool for power? How do you think that men in the past arrived to power? This is a really good question involving not also the brightness of these people, but also the way they could easily convince people to vote for them or to follow them. From the early ages of human history with the first tribes, to the actual campaign for a Presidency all around the world, men and woman have used their abilities as good speakers to convince people to join their cause but is language a tool for power?Let me remind you of something I have said before in my previous essay: The only aim of language is to convince people to do something in particular, for example: When we were kids we used to ask our mother to have a lollipop because we wanted it, and so we needed to use language to convince her why it was a good idea to buy that lollipop. This exact example happens every day at politics, why on earth then politicians are constantly mak ing political advertisement every time there is a really important decision to make for the country?Language has convinced a lot of people to do a certain thing such as to follow a leader or for a national cause because in order for that movement or that person to achieve their objectives, they need the support of the people and the best way of doing that is by language because now we have many things that helps them to promote their cause, for example: * Television * Internet * Radio * Any paper advertisement * Etc.During the age of Napoleon, Napoleon needed to convince his people that his idea of unification of Europe was the best option they could ever wanted but in order to achieve he needed an army in which he could relay his ideas and complete his objectives of international unification. Then he controlled every French newspaper of that era so every Frenchman or in another country, when people read it, they could realize of the intelligence of his plan and that it was the best for all.The bad part of this is that by controlling the media, it also brings bad consequences to every state. For example: Nowadays, countries where some internet webpages are intentionally blocked by the government are now facing a turbulent era because the people has realized that their government is corrupt and that they have been hidden the truth from it’s habitants and this could result in a national conflict or revolution. One of the best example everybody can think of is about a German guy with a little moustache, yes, we are talking about Adolf Hitler.After the first world war, Germany was forced to sign a treaty were they were blamed for having started the war in Europe and that they had to pay million of German Marks (The money of Germany in that time) to the allies and the rest of the countries in Europe to reconstruct what they had destroyed. Obviously German people thought this was a humiliation of Germany and its people but although people tried to stop the tr eaty for being paid, they couldn’t do anything about it because they where not in a very good social and political moment.So it was until the year 1932 when Germany started to see the light again when a little political group called: â€Å"The Nazis† started to gain the favour of the people and by that time, Hitler was beginning to make his name very well known for the speeches he gave to the society so in the general elections, Hitler completed his first objective: Gain the political seat of the supreme chancellor.When he arrived to this position, he started to convince people that the right way for progress was getting raid of the communism, liberalism, and Jews and he did it with his public speeches and even though he used secret police and the army to arrest people that were against him, the majority of the population followed what he dictated and they followed him and his ideals until his death in 1945.Language may be also used to make people fear of you and the g overnment you represent such is the case of George Orwell’s novel 1984 or one more recent case is the terrorist attack to New York eleven years ago or also any totalitarian state in the world such as the now extinct regime of Gadafi in Libya, In order to make your people do what you want in a certain country you must ensure that the ways of knowledge are closed to your population so that you can have control over them and also you need to have control in what you say to the people.For example: In the case of the terrorist attacks in New York 11 years ago, the United States said that they were going to take revenge over the Taliban’s for this and they blamed the Government of Sadam Hussein of helping the terrorist for these attacks so they declared war on Iraq with the slogan: â€Å"We are defending liberty†.But the truth in all these is that as we know, the United States has always been enriched by every war it has had in the last century starting by World War 1 , so in this particular situation they saw a perfect opportunity to use Iraq’s oil natural reservoirs for their own benefit but it was very important for the public opinion not to know it. After saying all these, I can conclude that language is indeed a tool to have power in politics, not only because the influence it has in people to do things, also because it’s a very important factor of our society and it will continue to be for the years to come.

Stereotypes In Childrens Storybooks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Stereotypes In Childrens Storybooks - Essay Example It has been a practice that children’s book have portrayed people with disability in a negative manner. Some of these stereotypes assert that people with disability are pathetic and pitiable. In this sense, this image is widely written in children’s book, which in turn makes children develop a negative mind about disabled people. In addition, stereotypes of disability in children’s literature or book have portrayed people with disability as objects of aggression or violence. For instance, since handicapped people are not able to defend themselves, they are depicted as good victims or ploys of crime (Stuart 2006, 51). Further, disabled people such as the blind are depicted as evil or sinister. This stereotype is the most rampant stretching from fairy tales to stories of how blind people lost their sight because of sin or sinful behaviors. In turn, it leaves a negative impression that disabled people are sinful and therefore, they should not be associated. Addition ally, children's book creates an impression that people with disability should be used as atmosphere by describing them as undeveloped characters. It has been a common phenomenon that children storybooks depict disable people as â€Å"super crip† in that for them to be accepted in both society and children’s storybooks, they are placed in situations of being over-achievers (Baumeister & Bushman 2010, 41). Therefore, persons with disability are thought to be bestowed with super powers such as paraplegic detective. Children’s storybooks have depicted persons with disability as laughable. In the same manner, there exist ethnic jokes in children’s books. Children’s books make frequent or regular use of such jokes as gimmick to enhance and facilitate the plot of the book. For instance, a blind person or a visually impaired person becomes the suitable object for many jokes (Judd & Park 1993, 109-111). This shows an insensitive and unreasonable depiction of persons with

Health record structures in computer-driven formats Essay

Health record structures in computer-driven formats - Essay Example In addition, this structure enables me to perceive of the likely effect of reorganizing health records and any associated medical narrative. Many healthcare institutes, particularly public ones, cannot meet the expense of lowering open medical language to mere postscripts in the strategy of EHRs. EHRs with computer-driven formats is an essential movement towards information system structure that employ natural language dispensation as a major innovation for translating it from unorganized to organized representations (Davis and LaCour, 2014). Health record structures in computer-driven formats are applicable in my work area, systems science, in terms of standardization, organization, and easy control. For electronic health records to exhaust all their potentials and purposes, this data has to be made uniform, structured, and simple to control. This data often includes patients’ symptoms, diseases, allergies, clinical histories, family backdrops, and even billing information (Davis and LaCour, 2014). If this type of data is unstructured and unstandardized, treating these patients with utmost efficiency and economy becomes difficult. Additionally, my work area facilitates paperless offices, a factor that computers today are greatly attributing to. Computer-driven formats will enable me to save time while at work while sharing confidential data regarding a given patient at any given time. Computer-driven formats process workflow in my field at a high rate in contrast to manual, paper formats. The benefits of health record structures in computer-driven formats are more efficiency, lower medication and nursing errors, structured data, and effective medical decision-making processes (Davis and LaCour, 2014). There is a significant drive in the course of doing away with conventional medical transcript and converting the clinical documentation

Maya Angelous cultural impact, and her treatment in the media Essay

Maya Angelous cultural impact, and her treatment in the media - Essay Example legacy precedes her as the most successful visible woman autobiographer, and autobiographical voice of her time since all her life seemed like her work. Maya brought diversity to literature and theatre through her writing changing the course of society for the better in her profession, as depicted by Pulitzer Prize, Emmy Award, Tony Award, and inclusion in The National Women’s Hall of Fame. In all, Maya left a legacy of the legendary poet, tireless activist and a writer despite struggles in her life. Criticism of Maya’s books and writings were both negative and positive depending on the point of view of the critique. Maya’s critics included positive reviews by Elsie Washington saying, "the black womans poet laureate" after reciting, â€Å"On the Pulse of Morning† in President Clinton’s inauguration. Another positive review was by Younge, who said Maya had been able to blend poetry, conversation, and song through merging her talents to create an art performance that results in social uplift and issue a personal message. Negative criticism to Maya were on the use of her life in her writing to which she said she was in agreement to black and white writers saying she writes for money. Other negative criticism came from parents owing to her depiction of pornography, lesbianism, violence, and premarital cohabitation. Other criticism included language use, sexually explicit scenes, and irrelevant religious

Impact of sea ice loss on Arctic ecosystem(Indigenous people, marine Essay

Impact of sea ice loss on Arctic ecosystem(Indigenous people, marine birds) - Essay Example This paper explains the effects that will cause problems and obstacles for the indigenous people living in these areas along with them the wildlife ecosystems such as the marine birds. This paper will also look into the possible environment that the Arctic community will eventually live through. The Impact of the Warming Arctic The change in the climate and the effects it has caused in the Arctic region may possibly be one of, if not the most critical ecological concern threatening and endangering the Arctic ecosystem.  This region, the northernmost part of the Earth, is home to various native communities whose way of life and daily activities is shaped, influenced and based on the environment and the surroundings. This area is also home to the abundant wildlife that thrives there. The Arctic region is naturally and ethnically very special and delicate. However, their sensitivity can be a problem. Because a slight change in the overall climate and weather in this zone, even as litt le as half a degree, the gradual global warming could risk the life of an entire society and culture. The rapid rise in the temperature is currently becoming more and more evident, resulting in the intensification of the loss of sea ice in the Arctic ecosystem. Now, it is a fact that the Arctic inhabitants were challenged in the past as they needed to adapt to the extreme cold and freezing weather with sub-zero temperatures. In time, they were able to adjust and for a time, were thriving in this Arctic community. However, the recent gradual changes in the climate could mean that the wildlife biodiversity and the communities who are living in this area will have to be faced with new obstacles and challenges. The several groups of indigenous people such as the Inuit are currently dealing with a number of problems and difficulties in their everyday lives. The drastic negative effects are now becoming a serious issue and concern for these people, as they fear that soon, if no proper cou rse of action will be taken, then their entire society and the whole entire community will no longer thrive and exist and will be gone forever. During the last decade, the people in the region have noticed different environmental changes. One of these is the loss of a great amount of ice sheets and when ice melts, what remains is the dry harsh desert. Another environmental problem is the thinning of the ice, which has resulted to difficulty in traveling and stranded hunters. Arctic hunters are having a harder time building igloos, which are impermanent or emergency shelters due to the change in the snow conditions. They are also starting to be more careful when chasing and going for animals. These animals have also changed. Caribou and other animals have decreased greatly in population. They also appear to be unhealthier, looking much skinnier than they used to. In addition, because of the increasing temperatures and the fact that Arctic people are not used to this as they are accus tomed to the cold, reports of sunburns and rashes have increased. The melting permafrost, or the permanently frozen land, has damaged and destroyed a couple of houses and roads, and have also caused erosion, unsteadiness and landslides. Moreover, since rain is less occurring, water from a few rivers and ponds are not anymore

Merge of Southwet and Air Tran Airways Case Study

Merge of Southwet and Air Tran Airways - Case Study Example By January 26, 2013 codesharing has already begun and this allowed the two airlines to share itineraries. It is expected that by 2015, the more dominant brand in the merger which is Southwest Airlines will be adopted as the common brand thus removing the Air Tran brand from the merger with its operation being absorbed by Southwest. II. Introduce the companies involve Southwest Airlines Southwest Airlines is the world’s largest carrier that caters to the lower end segment of the aviation industry and services to 79 destinations in 39 states in the United States. It is also the biggest operator of Boeing 737 worldwide with over 550 planes in service. It employs more than 46,000 employees and manages more than 3,400 flights a day. Air Tran Airways Airtran Airways was founded by Airtran Corporation which operated as Northwest Airlink carrier in Minneapolis and Detroit which later purchase Conquest Sun. The company grew and acquired 11 Boeing 737’s and served 24 cities in th e East and Midwest region catering to the lower segment of the market. It was later spun off by Mesaba and formed its holding company Airways Corporation which was later acquired by ValuJet Inc. and was later renamed to its AirTran Holdings. The name AirTran Airways was retained after the merger with ValuJet Inc. Before the merger with Southwest Airlines, AirTranAirways served more than 70 cities coast to coast. It also cater to the Carribean and Mexico market and flew 700 flights per day with over 8,500 crew catering to almost 25 passengers per year (AirTran Airways). III. Identify the period the company went through the merge  and reasons for the merge. give figures if possible.   The merger between Air Tran Airways and Southwestern airline is more of a takeover of Southwestern to Air Tran to expand the coverage of Southwester Airlines. By acquiring Air Tran, Southwest Airline would be able to cover flights that were not previously available to Southwestern Airline such as Atl anta - Hartsfield route that is also the world’s largest airport. Having Air Trans Airways would enable Southwest Airlines to have an access to Air Tran’s Atlanta hub and therefore a beachhead in the market that it covers (CBS News). Services previously unique to Air Tran will now be available to Soutwest Airline among those are flights in Dayton, Akron-Canton, and Washington National. In effect, the acquisition would give Southwest Airlines â€Å"a leg up in the market† by having an access to major city airports from alternate airports. As Bob Jordan, Chief Commercial Officer at Southwest Airlines and President of AirTran, said in a statement issued to The Democrat and Chronicle. "With a connected network, we can offer customers more itineraries, more destinations, more low fares, and a taste of what's to come once the integration is complete† (Trejos). IV. Brief description of the changes made   By having an access to airports and services unique only to Air Tran Airways, Southwest Airline is now able to add service to cities and airports it did not previously cover such as Dayton, Akron-Canton, and Washington National. Consequently, the merger also enabled Southwest Airlines, being the dominant entity in the merger, to remove service areas that were previously exclusive to Air Tran. The cities that were removed from their route were Allentown, Pa.; Asheville, N.C.; Atlantic City; Bloomington/Normal, Ill.; Charleston, W. Va.; Dallas/Fort Worth; Harrisburg, Pa.; Huntsville, Ala.; Knoxville, Tenn; Lexington, Ky.;

Two of Americas Most Wanted and Renowned Serial Killers, Gary Ridgway Essay

Two of Americas Most Wanted and Renowned Serial Killers, Gary Ridgway and Dennis Rader - Essay Example This paper deals with the lives of two of America’s most wanted and renowned serial killers, Gary Ridgway and Dennis Rader. Both of them have caused a great number of grievances and havoc among the people by killing several individuals and were hunted down by the police with an aim to stop murder from taking place. This paper observes a compare and contrast of the lives of these two serial killers, their motives and the way that they went about murdering people. Gary Leon Ridgway and Dennis Rader were both born in the countryside; Ridgeway in Utah and Rader in Kansas, and only have a four-year gap between each other. They both have gruesome nicknames which have made them quite unpopular among the people – Gary is called ‘Green River Gary’, the ‘Green River Killer’ or ‘The Riverman’ whereas Dennis has adorned the nickname of ‘BTK’ or the ‘Bind, Torture, Kill Strangler.’ Both of them have the commonality of strangling their victims and killing them, then dumping their bodies away in order to dispose of them. Both have been subject to life imprisonment without parole and are hated among people for having killed so many people without any reason at all. The police are still trying to understand their reasoning behind the killings. Delving into the personal lives of serial killers always helps a person understand the atrocities of their past and what made them become the way they are in the present. Ridgway had a very troubled childhood because he often witnessed his parents fighting violently with each other. He was dragged into the fight and abused by his mother for whom he began to develop both anger and sexual feelings. (Prothero, Mark; Carlton Smith ) Rader, on the other hand, had a very normal childhood and graduated from high school and then college. As a child, he loved torturing animals and hated them with all his might. He also had a sexual fetish for women’s undergarment s; this was seen in his killings as he often killed women, stole their undergarments and went about wearing them on his own.

Social Policy - Diabetes Essay Example for Free

Social Policy Diabetes Essay Examine a contemporary social issue (which may or may not have been covered during the module) paying particular attention as to why this issue has become problematic and for whom. Also, consider what should be done about your chosen issue and any role that nursing/social work might have in dealing with it. A social issue can be defined as ‘social conditions identified by scientific inquiry and values as detrimental to human well-being’ (Manis 1976). I believe that a social issue can be anything that affects a person in a bad way and affects their standard of living. It could be something from a health problem to something to do with a financial issue within someone’s home. I am going to focus on the health of the public and have chosen to pay attention to the social issue of diabetes type 2. I am going to pay particular attention to why diabetes has become problematic in the community and for who it is causing a problem to. Type 2 diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin to maintain a normal blood glucose level, or your body is unable to use the insulin that is produced (NHS Choices). You are likely to develop type 2 diabetes if you are over the age of 40, have a relative with the condition or are overweight. A person is normally thought to have type 2 diabetes if he or she does not have type 1 diabetes (insulin-dependent) or monogenetic diabetes (WHO). Patients that suffer from type 2 diabetes generally are given dietary guidance so that they can manage their blood sugar and they are also advised to take their blood sugar once a day to make sure that it is regular. Patients should also increase physical activity and control their weight. It is important that diabetes type 2 is controlled so that it doesn’t progressively get worse and lead to diabetes type 1 diabetes which would mean the patient would become insulin dependent. Diabetes type 2 is problematic for the patient as during everyday living they have to make sure they are aware of what they are eating and doing to make sure they control their own blood sugar to keep themselves healthy. A patient suffering from type 2 diabetes might feel self conscious at meal times as they may have to eat something different to the people they are dining with. This can cause the person’s self esteem to be decreased and they could be embarrassed to eat around other people as they might feel like they are being segregated from the group. A patient also has to exercise regularly which they might find difficult to fit into their lifestyle but in order to control their blood sugar effectively it should become an important part of their everyday life. It can also be problematic on the health costs. Current estimates suggest that direct health cost of diabetes accounts for 5% of the UK health cost (Payne, Barker 2010). This percentage doesn’t even include the full cost of the problem. There are also costs related to sickness from work, disability and more than 10% of hospital bed days. Since 1996 the number of people diagnosed with diabetes has increased from 1. 4 million to 2. 9 million. Most of these cases will be Type 2 diabetes, because of our ageing population and rapidly rising numbers of overweight and obese people. This suggests to us that the demands on the health service are going to increase which will therefore cost more money. These statistics also tell us that an increase in obesity is going to affect diabetes. Obesity is increasing in the UK such that over half the population are now overweight or obese. This has significant health consequences, causing an increase in the risk of diabetes (Payne, Barker 2010). The government have suggested that obesity is resulting in health costs increasing and life expectancy decreasing. One of the social consequences for a person that is obese or overweight is that they are seen negatively upon and discriminated against. This can happen in all situations in social environments and can affect a person in many different ways such as low self-esteem and depression. Obesity is causing an increase risk of diseases that are associated with it. This will also increase health costs as well as making the health of the public worse. If type 2 diabetes is not controlled then type 1 diabetes can develop. This is worse because the patient becomes dependant on insulin. It usually develops in the teenage years of someone’s life. This has to be given my subcutaneous injection (Payne, Barker 2010), this makes sure that the insulin levels are regular and forms the basis of dietary management. They will also have to regularly check their blood sugars. They will often need monitoring, assessment and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors because they have many features of metabolic syndrome. There are many different complications that are caused by diabetes. If you have diabetes, you are up to five times more likely to develop heart disease or have a stroke (WHO). When the blood glucose levels are increasing it results in the furring and narrowing of your blood vessels which may result in a poor blood supply to the heart. This can lead to a heart attack or a stroke. This doesn’t only put the patient’s life at risk but it also results in a huge cost on the NHS. It can also affect the patient’s family a friends hugely emotionally but also physically if they are in need of care after the event. It can change the patient’s life style dramatically. It is not only the blood vessels near the heart that are affected it is also the blood vessels in the nerves. This sometimes causes a tingling sensation in your limbs. If the nerves in the digestive system are affected a patient may experience nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea or constipation. This will make the patient’s life very uncomfortable. Blood vessels in the retina can become blocked or leaky, or can grow haphazardly. This prevents the light from fully passing through to your retina. If it is not treated, it can damage your vision (NHS Choices). If a patient doesn’t control their blood sugar levels they are very likely to develop serious eye problems. Having an annual eye check up with a specialist, an ophthalmologist, can help to see the signs of an eye problem sooner so that it can be treated. Another problem that diabetes can lead to in a blockage of the blood vessels in the kidney, this makes the kidneys work less efficiently. In very rare cases this can lead to kidney failure and the need for dialysis or even a kidney transplant. Another reason why diabetes affects people’s health and health costs is because 1 in 10 people with diabetes get a foot ulcer (WHO). Damage in the nerves of the foot can mean that small nicks and cuts are not noticed. They will not be noticed because the nerves are damaged the patient with these small cuts won’t feel the pain from them. If these small cuts are not noticed a serious infection can occur and it can lead to the development of a foot ulcer. If patients develop nerve damage they should check their feet every day and report any changes to a nurse or doctor. When a nurse is visiting a patient with diabetes they should look out for sores and cuts that do not heal as well as puffiness and swelling. There are always going to be other side effects to having diabetes but these are the most common. Another problem that diabetes can cause is an increased risk of a miscarriage or stillbirth. It is important that women that are pregnant are aware that they have diabetes so that the blood sugar level can be carefully controlled during the early stages of pregnancy. If it is not carefully controlled there is also an increased risk of the baby developing a birth defect (NHS Choices). Pregnant women with diabetes will usually have their antenatal check-ups in hospital or a diabetic clinic. As a nurse it is important we make sure pregnant women with diabetes are aware of this. This allows the care team to keep a close eye on the patient’s blood sugar levels and control your insulin dosage more easily, if you regulate your blood sugar using insulin. They will also be able to monitor the growth and development of your baby. Pregnant women are also at risk of having larger babies than normal which causes problems during the birth of the baby as well as the late stages of pregnancy. It can cause other problems to the mother during the birth such as ripping on the vagina or even to the stage they have to go through with a suzerain. All of these side affects cost the NHS money. This can be reduced by people eating healthier and exercising so that they do not form the illness of diabetes in the first place. One example of how much diabetes can cost health services is the Lucentis injection. This is a shot that helps to prevent people with severe diabetes going blind but it costs ? 1000. This is a huge amount of money when you put it into proportion to the amount of people that have diabetes in the UK. With around 5,000 new cases a year, NICE is reluctant to recommend the use of Lucentis for treating DMO, diabetic macular oedema (Global Diabetes Community). ‘A report by the NHS entitled Prescribing for Diabetes in England reported that over the last 5 years, the cost of drugs and treatments alone in order to treat people with diabetes had risen by 40% from ? 458.  6 million in 2004/5 to ? 649. 2 million in 2009/10’. These statistics tell us that the number of people in the UK with diabetes has risen. This could be due to the fact that the number of people that are obese in England has risen. The UK is the fattest country in Europe. The number of obese adults is forecast to rise by 73% over the next 20 years from to 26 million people, resulting in more than a million extra cases of type 2 diabetes, heart disease and cancer (Global Diabetes Community). The cost of diabetes in 2010 was 13. 750 billion pounds just for the year on the NHS. This cost includes the treatment, drugs, inpatients and outpatient appointments for diabetes type 1 type 2. There is also other services that are included into the treatment such as the social service. The amount of money that is spent on each type of diabetes for each different area of expenditure can be seen in appendix 1. The cost of in patients with diabetes is the greatest. This is due to the fact when diabetes gets so severe people need time in hospital to recover and be treated for other illnesses that diabetes has caused them. Type 1 diabetes cost 1. 802 billion pounds in 2010 where as diabetes type 2 diabetes cost 11. 718 billion pounds. This is due to the fact type 2 diabetes is more common in the UK. Although it can be controlled by changing your lifestyle it is not always diagnosed and therefore can cause more problems than if the patient was aware they had this condition. There should always be actions in place to try and decrease the number of people in the UK that have diabetes. Published in 2001, The National Service Framework for Diabetes contains nine standards for the provision of high quality diabetes services in what it recognised as a growing area of need. The prevention of type 2 diabetes will play a major part in this because if people are eating healthier and exercising more they are less likely to form diabetes type 2 but if they do people should be able to identify that they have diabetes in order for them to control their own condition. By controlling their own blood sugar they will be less likely to end up in hospital with another illness related to this condition. In order to do this the NHS want to see public awareness campaigns to communicate the seriousness of diabetes and its complications, the risk factors of type 2 diabetes (Young 2011) This should hopefully point the public in the right direction to whether they have diabetes so that they can seek help and advice in order to keep as healthy as possible in their everyday life. It is important that as nurses we give advice to our patients they importance of NHS checkups and healthy living so that patients with diabetes reduce the risk of illness. As a nurse health promotion is always important for any condition. Health promotion has evolved into an extremely broad sphere of activity encompassing health education, lifestyle and preventative approaches (Scriven, Orme 2001). As nurses we have to concentrate on improving the health of our patients and the public. One way in which we can promote health to our patients is while we are working alongside them in hospital is to provide structured information in preparation for stressful events (Macdonald, Bunton 1992). When a patient has diabetes it could mean that we give the patient information about how to manage this condition at home so that they live a healthy lifestyle. There is a lot of substantial evidence that suggests passing on information to the patient and communicating with them reduces anxiety and speeds up recovery time. More recently, the need to adopt more individualised, patient-centred approaches, incorporating a recognition of the importance of self-efficiency beliefs and the wider barriers to taking health action, has been widely recognised (Norton 1998). This could suggest that one patient may just need the advice to be told to them while another patient needs instructions on how to use this advice at home, maybe written down or extra support at home depending on the health and well-being of this particular patient. While I was on placement it was an important job to help the patients chose what they would like to eat the next day by filling in a menu. For a diabetic they would have different choices and then a pudding with less sugar in to the other patients. It was important that as a student nurse helping them I helped to promote the healthier options to all patients in order for them to eat a healthy balanced diet. This would not only mean that they would eat healthier while in hospital but it would also give the patients an idea of what to eat at home to have a balanced diet. The department of health also help to ensure that the public with diabetes are cared for to reduce health costs and to improve the public’s health. One way that they do this is to ensure that local authorities commission a fully funded health check programme and a follow-up action.

The Romantic Movement Essay Example for Free

The Romantic Movement Essay The Romantic Movement was the beginning of a whole new form of poetry and was, in itself, a revolt against the very nature of the aristocracy and political agendas of the people in power. With that said, the Victorian Period was a shift away from Romanticism by its very literal focus on Queen Victoria and her whole reformation agenda, while the poets of the time kept the life of the Romantic Movement well within their writing. Moreover, some critics believe that poetry of the Victorian Period is a continuation into the third and fourth generation of poetry from the Romantic Movement which can be seen in the poetic writings of John Keats, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Browning, and Alfred Lord Tennyson. To begin with, John Keats’ â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn† is perhaps one of the most romantic odes to an inanimate object ever seen. Near the end of the poem, in the final stanza, the speaker muses that â€Å"beauty is truth, truth beauty ,† which can be read as an obvious statement about love and beauty, or as a statement on the elusiveness that both true beauty and truth possess, which actually remarks on the ideals behind the foundation of the Romantic Movement. Either way, â€Å"Ode† is as purely romantic as poetry can get and proved to lay the groundwork for future poetry of the Romantic Movement. Samuel Taylor Coleridge took a different path and worked on the essence of beauty in nature as the speaker in â€Å"The Eolian Harp† goes on about â€Å"white flower’d Jasmin, and the broad-leav’d Myrtle,/(Meet emblems they of innocence and love! ) † and the harp’s â€Å"long sequacious notes/over delicious surges sink and rise/such a soft floating witchery of sound/as twilight Elfins make . † Rarely has a more romantic statement been uttered about a simple harp, but Coleridge is doing more than just personification, here. His poem is making a statement that the aristocracy cannot deny: political norms are out, and strong emotion for the beauty and sublimity of nature is in. Robert Browning takes a bite out of the Victorian aristocracy as well with his poem entitled â€Å"My Last Duchess. † In it, Browning, though well in the Victorian era, weaves a tale of a Duke who had his last wife, the Duchess, killed because of her trampy ways; which he ironically professes to admire as he looks upon her painting. But the Duke isn’t done with his line of many wives and hopes to marry the Count’s daughter with his â€Å"dowry†¦[for] his fair daughter’s self . † Browning is trite and dramatic, giving such personification to a painting, but he too speaks to the aristocracy with pure, delightful historical allusion. Alfred Lord Tennyson’s â€Å"Ulysses† strikes a completely different tune as he takes pure poetic license with his entirely enjambed lines and heroic to the point of transcendent verse. It is the tale of Ulysses (Odysseus) after he has finally returned from his twenty year voyage of hell on earth. It can be read as man’s struggle for existence now that his life has been returned, but strong romantic overtones fight their way to the forefront of this poem because life is not what it used to be for Ulysses. Ulysses is no longer the symbol of man vs. nature, as he has been transformed in this poem into man vs. himself. Perhaps the rise of Queen Victoria and her reign of politics and power had Tennyson parrying man vs. himself in an attempt to show the vain nature of the power players, but it can be seen from the striking emotional outpouring and powerful descriptions of nature that Tennyson remained influenced by the Romantic Movement. Overall, despite the rise of the Victorian Era, the powerful emotions and influence of the writings from the Romantic Movement refused to be replaced by odes to political figures because of the sheer amusement and pleasure poets like Browning and Tennyson found in their writings. Though they attempted to shield their emotional outpourings in allusions and aristocratic themes, their messages were not to be denied.

Efficiency Rationales For Vertical Restraints Economics Essay

Efficiency Rationales For Vertical Restraints Economics Essay INTRODUCTION Competition law history shows that since the early 70s, many economists have developed a more thorough theoretical and empirical knowledge into the workings of vertical restraints. The new theories are often rooted in principal-agent theory, where the supplier is the principal and the distributor is the agent, and vertical contracts are used to align incentives to resolve information asymmetries between the two. (Niels, G, Jenkins, H and Kavanagh, J, 2011). VERTICAL RESTRAINTS In nearly all markets across the world, products are made in different stages and manufacturers do not sell their products directly to the final consumer but via intermediaries, distributors, wholesalers, retailers etc. The treatment of vertical agreements under competition law is different when compared to horizontal agreements. When goods and services are complements, price cuts cause an opposite effect.  [1]  Price cuts by one company will tend to stimulate demand for complementary products. This effect is again an external effect, and the price-cutting company will normally not take it into account. Thus, each firm has an interest in seeing price cuts by suppliers of complementary products. A joint profit-maximizing agreement between complementary firms will then seek to internalize the price externalities and lead to price reduction. This is exactly in the interest of the consumers. As a result, an agreement entered into by providers of complementary products is unlikely to be bad for welfare.  [2]   According to M.Motta (2004) some of the most common examples of vertical restraints are: Non-linear pricing. Quantity discounts Resale Price Maintenance (RPM) Quantity fixing. Exclusivity clauses EFFICIENCY RATIONALES FOR VERTICAL RESTRAINTS It is recognized that vertical restraints promote non-price competition and improved quality of services. When a firm has no or limited market power it will try to increase its gains by optimizing its processes. According to the EU Commission Notice: Guidelines on Vertical Restraints (2000/ C 291/01) In a number of situations vertical restraints may be helpful in this respect since the usual arms length dealings between supplier and buyer, determining only price and quantity of a certain transaction, can lead to a sub-optimal level of investments and sales. In a business environment producers would usually benefit from strong competition among the retailers. Therefore any restrictions imposed must have as a rationale- efficiency motives. The most common pro-competitive explanations are: Elimination of double marginalization: If a product has to go through many intermediaries before reaching the final consumer, the mark-ups imposed by each on top of the costs may result in excessive pricing. Double marginalization problem can be overcome by vertical integration or through vertical agreements (a looser form) as well as by means of some clauses, such as RPM or two-part tariffs. Another important justification revolves around the free rider problem which is of two-types- rival suppliers and rival distributors. Retailers might have low incentive to invest in services, as these are difficult to fully appropriate. Others may free ride on a full-service retailers effort to increase demand. As a result, without restrictive clauses, there will be under-provision of services, to the detriment of consumers. Secondly, in order to increase the demand, producers may be willing to invest in the retailers services such as training etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. However, this incentive would be removed by the possibility that other producers enjoy the positive spillover from this investment. Exclusive dealing can counteract this concern. The hold-up problem. When there are client-specific investments to be made by either the supplier or the buyer, such as in special equipment or training. The investor may not commit the necessary investments before particular supply arrangements are fixed. European Commission. Commission Notice: Guidelines on Vertical Restraints. Brussels. SEC (2010) 411. Alleviation of commitment problem: when a manufacturer holds market power and can sell a specific input to more retailers, it cannot credibly commit not to renegotiate the contract once it has already been signed. Due to this, the manufacturer cannot fully enjoy the market power unless some contractual clauses make the commitment credible. Finally, other efficiency motives of vertical restraints exist such as economies of scale in distribution, reduction in transaction costs, capital market imperfections, increasing brand image, uniformity and quality standardization. In essence, the economically sound presumption is that vertical restraints are efficiency-enhancing, may enhance inter-brand competition or foster the relationship-specific investments and help the development of new markets. In addition, vertical restraints may thus result in a reduction in prices, increase in demand and higher consumer welfare effects. INTERBRAND VERSUS INTRABRAND COMPETITION Generally, when there is substantial market power at the level of the supplier or the buyer even if at both levels, vertical agreements will likely to raise competition concern. It is important at this juncture to make explicit the distinction between interbrand and intrabrand competition. Interbrand competition is between suppliers selling different brands of goods of similar kind. This means interbrand competition takes place within the relevant market. On the other hand, intrabrand competition (including price competition) is between retailers selling the same brand of a product. Interbrand competition, rather than intrabrand competition, is the primary focus of antitrust law  [3]  and the correlation between intrabrand and interbrand competition forms the basis for decisions in respect of the lessening of both. The protection of interbrand and intrabrand becomes vital when there is inadequate interbrand competition. In the Research Handbook on International Competition Law 2012, pg 431, (Dobson, Paul W. Waterson, Michael, 2007) stated that in cases where the interbrand competition in the market is not as strong, intrabrand competition might become more important because intrabrand competition can reintroduce the loss of competitive pressure from other brands. Taking into account intrabrand and interbrand competition is important to determine the impact of vertical restraints on competition. In certain scenario, introducing vertical restraints can be a means to dilute competition upstream between manufacturers that do not compete directly face to face but through their retailers. Furthermore, as interbrand and intrabrand rivalry intensifies, all prices (regardless of supply arrangements) fall towards marginal costs. POTENTIAL HARM TO COMPETITION Whish, R and Bailey, D (2012) outlines four possible negative effects arising from vertical restraints under EU law: Anti-competitive foreclosure of other suppliers or buyers by raising barriers to entry. Softening of competition between the supplier and its competitors and/or facilitation of both explicit and tacit collusion, often referred to as a reduction of interbrand competition. Softening of competition between the buyer and its competitors and/or facilitation of collusion, commonly referred to as a reduction of intra-brand competition between distributors of the same brand. The creation of obstacles to market integration. The above negative effects may result from various vertical restraints. The negative effects on competition will be analyzed mainly concentrating on two groups for the purpose of this assignment. Single branding are those agreements which have as their core the inducement of the buyer to concentrate orders for a particular type of product with one supplier. The four main negative effects on competition and interbrand competition are (1) other suppliers in that market cannot sell to the particular buyers and this may lead to foreclosure of the market or, in the case of tying, to foreclosure of the market for the tied product, (2) it makes market shares more rigid and this may help collusion when applied by several suppliers, (3) as far as the distribution of final goods is concerned, the particular retailers will only sell one brand and there will therefore be no interbrand competition on their shops (no in-store competition) (4) in the case of tying ,the buyer may pay a higher price for the tied product. EU Commission Notice: Guidelines on Vertical Restraints (2000/ C 291/01) Limited distribution is those agreements which have as their core that the manufacturer sells to one or a limited number of buyers. There are three main negative effects on competition: (1) certain buyers within that market can no longer buy from that particular supplier, and this may lead in particular in the case of exclusive supply, to foreclosure of the purchase market, (2) when most or all of the competing suppliers limit the number of retailers, this may facilitate collusion, either at the distributors level or at the suppliers level, and (3) since fewer distributors will offer the product it will also lead to a reduction of intra-brand competition. In the case instance of wide exclusive territories or exclusive customer allocation the result may be total elimination of intra-brand competition. This reduction of intra-brand competition can in turn lead to a weakening of interbrand competition. EU Commission Notice: Guidelines on Vertical Restraints (2000/ C 291/01) Entry deterrence: one of the most obvious concerns is represented by the possibility that vertical restrictions are strategically used to deter entry in either level of the chain, by foreclosing access to inputs or to customers and in the long run they can be used to raise significant barriers to entry if competition is not already substantial. Under Bertrand competition, downstream manufacturers can strategically use some vertical clauses to encourage retailers to behave in a less aggressive way and reap a higher profit. Exclusive arrangements are generally worse for competition than non-exclusive arrangements. In essence, the potential for anticompetitive outcomes depends upon factors such as the market power of the firms involved, the presence of a minimum scale to cover fixed costs, the share of downstream market covered by the restraints and the nature of competition downstream. CONCLUSION The fact that vertical agreements are agreements concluded between companies in a vertical relationship suggests that they can often be regarded as positive. However, economic literatures on vertical restraints have shown both pro and anti-competitive effects. Both price and non-price may either increase or decrease economic welfare: the crucial importance is not the restraints used but the context in which it is used and the goal that it is supposed to achieve. The EU Commission has observed that market structure plays an important role in determining the impact of vertical restraints: The fiercer is interbrand competition, the more likely are the pro-competitive and efficiency effects to outweigh any anti-competitive effects of vertical restraints. Anti-competitive effects are only likely where interbrand competition is weak and there are barriers to entry at either producer or distributor level. In addition it is recognised that contracts in the distribution chain reduce transaction costs, and allow the potential efficiencies in distribution to be realised. In contrast, there are cases where vertical restraints raise barriers to entry or further dampen horizontal competition in oligopolistic markets.  [4]   In addition, EU Regulation 2790/1999 recognized the importance of market power in establishing whether or not vertical restraints can have important anti-competitive effects. As per the OECD: Joint Group on Trade and Competition Paper, the efficiency enhancing effect and benefit to consumers from vertical restraints is likely to dominate with the exception of vertical restraints being used to facilitate collusion, it is highly improbable that such restraints will have net anti-competitive effects unless there is either: market power on at least one level in the market or the restraint, either on its own or in concert with other vertical restraints, has the power to exclude or disadvantage a significant number of competitors anti-competitive effects are only likely where interbrand competition is weak and there are barriers to entry, (d) causing foreclosure of competitors. Accordingly, the approach taken by many competition authorities on vertical restraints is a careful case by case analysis. . BIBLIOGRAPHIES/REFERENCES Niels, G, Jenkins, H and Kavanagh, J.: Economics for Competition Lawyers (Oxford University Press, 2011). Motta, M, Competition Policy: Theory and Practice (Cambridge University Press, 2004) Whish, R and Bailey, D (2012). Competition Law. 7th edn. Oxford University Press. Swedish Competition Authority. 2008. The pros and cons of vertical restraints. ISBN 978-91-88566-44-7 http://www.konkurrensverket.se/upload/Filer/Trycksaker/Rapporter/ProsCons/rap_pros_and_cons_vertical_restraints.pdf [Accessed 10/02/2013] D.Harbord and N-H von der Fehr. The Law and Economics of Vertical Restraints: An Overview. (December 10, 2007) http://www.market-analysis.co.uk/PDF/Reports/Vertical%20Restraints_%2010December07.pdf [Accessed 10/02/2013] V. Verouden, Vertical Agreements: Motivation and Impact, in 3 ISSUES IN COMPETITION LAW AND POLICY 1813 (ABA Section of Antitrust Law 2008). Chapter 72. http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/competition/economist/vertical_agreements.pdf [Accessed 07/02/2013] D. Geradin and C M da Silva Pereira Neto. FOR A RIGOROUS EFFECTS-BASED ANALYSIS OF VERTICAL RESTRAINTS ADOPTED BY DOMINANT FIRMS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE EU AND BRAZILIAN COMPETITION LAW. June 2012 http://www.cedes.org.br/inscricao/pdf/final-study-on-vertical-restraints-final-clean.pdf [Accessed on 05/02/2013] F Lafontaine and M Slade. Exclusive Contracts and Vertical Restraints: Empirical Evidence and Public Policy, (Journal of Economic Literature classification numbers: L42, L81), September 2005. http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/academic/slade/wp/ecsept2005.pdf [Accessed on 05/02/2013] C Berkouk and I Masiero. The evolution of the legal assessment of vertical restraints in European and US antitrust law. Master in Competition and Market Regulation 2010/11. http://www20.gencat.cat/docs/economia/80_ACCO/Documents/Arxius/Tesines%20BGSE/03.evolution_vertical_restraints_us_europe.pdf [Accessed on 05/02/2013] Competition Commission. GUIDELINES FOR MARKET INVESTIGATIONS. Their role, assessment, remedies and procedures, CC3 (Revised). June 2012 http://www.competitioncommission.org.uk/assets/competitioncommission/docs/2012/consultations/market_guidlines_main_text.pdf [Accessed on 02/02/2013] William F. Baxter. The Viability of Vertical Restraints Doctrine, 75 Cal. L. Rev. 933 (1987). http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1939context=californialawreviewsei-redir=1referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.sc%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dvertical%2Brestraints%2Bcannot%2Bharm%2Bcompetition%2Bbecause%2Bthey%2Bare%2Bagreements%2Bbetween%2Bcomplementary%2Bproducts%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D39%26cad%3Drja%26ved%3D0CFUQFjAIOB4%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fscholarship.law.berkeley.edu%252Fcgi%252Fviewcontent.cgi%253Farticle%253D1939%2526context%253Dcalifornialawreview%26ei%3DgL8YUYMpgamEB9H2gYAG%26usg%3DAFQjCNFXuKgSEABvJvAEdfAFxvC0WBinGg%26bvm%3Dbv.42080656%2Cd.d2k#search=%22vertical%20restraints%20cannot%20harm%20competition%20because%20agreements%20between%20complementary%20products%22 [Accessed on 02/02/2013] Verouden, V. (2003), Vertical agreements and Article 81(1) EC: The evolving role of economic analysis, Antitrust Law Journal, 71: 525-75. http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/40843595?uid=3738968uid=2uid=4sid=21101826877577 [Accessed on 18/02/2013] P Dobson and M Waterson. Vertical restraints and competition policy. (Office of Fair Trading, Research Paper 12, 1996) http://www.oft.gov.uk/shared_oft/reports/comp_policy/oft177.pdf [Accessed on 13/02/2013] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Joint Group on Trade and Competition. COMPETITION AND TRADE EFFECTS OF VERTICAL RESTRAINTS. COM/DAFFE/CLP/TD(99)54 http://search.oecd.org/officialdocuments/displaydocumentpdf/?doclanguage=encote=com/daffe/clp/td(99)54 [Accessed on 13/02/2013] G Tan. The Economic Theory of Vertical Restraints. (Report prepared for the Competition Bureau, Canada). Department of Economics, University of British Columbia. October 9, 2001. http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~guofutan/research/vertical.pdf [Accessed on 13/02/2013] Ezrachi. A. Research Handbook on International Competition Law. (2012). Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978 085793 4796. http://books.google.sc/books?id=mH5tU2g_-cgCpg=PA431lpg=PA431dq=the+importance+of+the+distinction+between+interbrand+and+intrabrand+competitionsource=blots=iaL78pSpGfsig=iEpLZdBweIkVyzI-GPvhRk-gpbQhl=crssa=Xei=6hFIUcq8F8T1sgajpIDIBAved=0CDMQ6AEwAg#v=onepageq=the%20importance%20of%20the%20distinction%20between%20interbrand%20and%20intrabrand%20competitionf=false [Accessed on 19/03/2012] Odie Strydom, Intrabrand competitive analysis in South Africa: Get the economics right http://www.compcom.co.za/assets/Uploads/events/10-year-review/parallel-4b/Odie-Strydom-Competition-Conference.pdf [Accessed on 19/03/2012] Glynn, D (2012). Vertical Restraints and Cartel. Postgraduate Diploma/Masters in Economics for Competition Law, 2012/13, Kings College London. Rey, P and Verge, T. The Economics of Vertical Restraints. (Paper prepared for the conference on Advances of the Economics of Competition Law in Rome). March 2005 http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/verge/Verticals.pdf. [Accessed on 13/02/2013] European Commission. Commission Notice: Guidelines on Vertical Restraints. Brussels. SEC (2010) 411. http://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/legislation/guidelines_vertical_en.pdf. [Accessed on 13/02/2013] Official Journal of the European Communities. (Information). COMMISSION. COMMISSION NOTICE. Guidelines on Vertical Restraints. (2000/C 291/01) http://www.hartpub.co.uk/updates/Korah/vert-restr.pdf [Accessed on 13/02/2013] Massey, P.COMPETITION AUTHORITY. DISCUSSION PAPER No. 4. The Treatment of Vertical Restraints under Competition Law. May 1998. http://www.tca.ie/images/uploaded/documents/Discussion_Paper_4.pdf [Accessed on 15/02/2013] Vertical Restraints and Vertical Mergers. Chapter 6. February 14, 2003. http://www.mef.gub.uy/competencia/documentos/cap6.pdf [Accessed on 15/02/2013] Green Paper on Vertical Restraints in EC Competition Policy. http://europa.eu/documents/comm/green_papers/pdf/com96_721_en.pdf [Accessed on 15/02/2013] Raychaudhuri, T. Vertical Restraints in Competition Law: The need to strike the right balance between regulation and competition. NUJS Law Review. 4 NUJS L. Rev.609 (2011). October December 2011. http://www.manupatra.co.in/newsline/articles/Upload/6097B1F7-1176-43FB-9769-431909913298.pdf [Accessed on 15/02/2013]

The Problem Of Evil Essay -- essays research papers

The Problem Of Evil   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is impossible to deny the existence of evil in the world as we as human beings experience pain and suffering every day. It is generally accepted that there are two different types of evil – natural (based on God) and moral (based on humans). Moral evil is caused by human beings and occurs when humans inflict suffering on other people like September 11th, world wars, the Holocaust and other human related travesties. We also inflict evil on animals with testing or hunting for game not using the animals as God intended for fur or food. Humans also have obliterated the environment with pollution, destroying the rainforests and the way we litter and think nothing of it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Natural evil is not caused by humans but considered to be caused by God and occurs naturally in the world. Some natural evils could be Earthquakes, droughts and some forms of cancer. However, not all evils can be easily separated into these categories as humans can contribute to natural evils.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cancer is a naturally occurring disease; humans often do things which bring it about. Tobacco for example is the cause of eleven million deaths per year; do you think God believed that humans would actually be dumb enough to put such a harmful chemical into our bodies? No, there was an obvious better way to use tobacco but humans mostly use it in a negative way. Some could look at the problem of evil and sugg...

Knowledge in Stevensons The Beach of Falesa and Stokers Dracula Essay

Knowledge in Stevenson's The Beach of Falesa and Stoker's Dracula Several works of late 19th century British imperial literature contrast the role of information with the role of superstition in colonial encounters. Looking at Stevenson’s â€Å"The Beach of Falesa† and Stoker’s Dracula, we see that information plays an important role in both British and non-British characters’ abilities to dominate over their opponents. However, each of these works differs in its treatment of rational and irrational forms of knowledge. In â€Å"The Beach of Falesa,† the natives’ irrational belief in demons stands in contrast to the practical knowledge of the Europeans, which is shown as superior to knowledge based on superstition. The role of information in â€Å"The Beach of Falesa† also demonstrates that the high intellect of whites allows them to dominate over the native people whose land they colonize. Stoker’s Dracula counters this point by illustrating that both Europeans and their non-European oppo nents can use information as a tool for domination and conquest. While â€Å"The Beach of Falesa† portrays rational forms of knowledge as superior to beliefs in magic or folklore, Dracula shows the importance of utilizing multiple types of information in defeating the enemy. Comparing Dracula to Stevenson’s â€Å"The Beach of Falesa,† Stoker uses the theme of information to challenge the idea of a clear separation between Europeans and the â€Å"others† they encounter in imperial experience. In â€Å"The Beach of Falesa,† the protagonist Wiltshire asserts that the native Kanakas have a natural predisposition for superstitious beliefs. As he explores Case’s â€Å"devil’s bush,† Wiltshire tells the reader, â€Å"Any poor Kanaka brought up here in the dark, with the harp... ...defeat the enemy. By avoiding an overly simplistic connection between natives and magic and Europeans and science, Stoker forces the reader to consider a difficult question: if rationality and information does not distinguish the British from the â€Å"other,† then what does? While we may not be able to definitively characterize Stoker as a pro- or anti-imperialist based on the role he gives these types of information in Dracula, his novel shows how information can blur the distinction between Europeans and the â€Å"other.† Works Cited Bolt, Christine. â€Å"Race and the Victorians,† in British Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century, ed. C.C. Eldridge. St. Martin’s Press: 1984. Stevenson, Robert Louis. â€Å"The Beach of Falesa,† in Fictions of Empire, ed. John Kucich. Houghton Mifflin: 2003. Stoker, Bram. Dracula, ed. Glennis Byron. Broadview Press: 1998.

Nature, Healthy to the Environment and You Essay

Throughout time cities have been the gathering place of great thinkers and idealist who have moved our world forward. Being a place where many people who hold similar ideas may gather and form a community, city life brings inspiration and innovation to many common aspects of life such as art, technology, and pop culture. Without such urbanized areas the world may not have been home to the revolutionary ideas of great minds like James Joyce, Shakespeare, or even Einstein who was inspired by commuter trains (Lehrer par. 1). And yet, today’s modern cities have shifted from not only a metropolis of ideas but one that can be equally detrimental to one’s mind and health. The expanding urbanization and population within cities have torn down the natural environment and replaced it with a jungle of concrete. Instead of inhabiting wide-open spaces as humans have lived in for thousands of years, many cities have become crowded; surrounded by strangers, bustling cars, traffic, lig hts, and millions of different noises in a setting almost devoid of nature. Imagine walking down a crowded sidewalk trying to maneuver around oncoming pedestrians, making sure to keep up with the ever fluctuating traffic flow and preventing yourself from being distracted by the many commercialized advertisement signs, posters, and billboards. Cars are backed up as far as the eye can see, blaring their horns and flashing their taillights as they inch forward. To many, it is common knowledge how exhausting the city life can be, but recent studies have shown just how drastically being in an urban environment can impair one’s mental capabilities. Consider everything that your brain has to keep track of and its no wonder why your brain would have a hard time keeping everything in memory, and remaining calm. The controlled perception needed to stay focused can be very taxing on our minds. Settings similar to the above are an everyday experience in the United State’s most urbanized cities from New York to San Francisco; however, places like this aren’t just limited to the U.S. people all across the world are suffering. In fact, fifty years ago only 10% of the world’s population lived in cities. Those statistics have since changed to over 50% with an estimated 75% by the year 2050, accounting for the production of two-thirds of the world’s energy and carbon emissions, putting a strain on the environment’s sustainability of clean air. This increase in the use of economic resources and the production of pollution has led to a sharp increase of many diseases such as asthma which now affects nearly 1 in every 10 children living in the United States, or attention deficit disorder, which is much more apparent to those who live in urban environments rather than those in a more natural setting. Marc G. Berman, a professor at the University of Michigan performed two experiments published in 2008 which tested the restorative effects on cognitive functioning of interactions within natural environments compared to more urbanized areas. For the first experiment students were given GPS receivers and were told to take a fifty-to-fifty five minute walk in either the Ann Arbor Arboretum (a park near campus) or to walk in downtown Ann Arbor. The students then took a psychological test of attention and working memory by repeating a series of three to nine numbers backwards. As a result, people who had walked through the city were in a worse mood and scored significantly lower on the test. In Experiment 2, participants viewed either pictures of nature or urban areas to further control each participant’s experience, which proved that merely viewing pictures of nature can have restorative beneï ¬ ts. Even the slightest glimpse of nature can be invaluable to those living in urban areas as they provide a mental break of relaxation. For example, patients with a view of trees, flower beds and other greenery outside their hospital window have been shown to recover more quickly than those without. In the same setting from an apartment building, residents have better self control while able to focus and relax more. Evidence proves that exposure to the natural world improves mental health. Thus, the answer to solving the adverse cognitive affects that urbanized areas place on our minds is for planners, ecologists, architects, and landscape-architects to work together to integrate nature into cities, possibly to even reinvent them. City leaders should seek to plan large urban parks that include playgrounds, trails, picnic facilities, and gardens such as those in Central Park New York or the Parque Tres de Febrero located in Buenos Ares which is known for its lakes, rose gardens and city planetarium. Not only are these parks beautifully landscaped and allow city residents a place of relaxation, they may also encourage visitors from all over the region, resulting in economic growth. Of course, the benefit of extensive parks built inside urban areas does not stop there. They are ecological systems essential to filtering urban run-off and the improvement of air quality. Another solution for improving the mental health of citizens and to the health of the city itself would be to integrate greenery into the streets and buildings, establishing a green environment within urban infrastructure. On a small scale, cities may integrate parklets to repurpose under-utilized parts of streets or roadways and provide a space for people to enjoy themselves or the company of others. Parklets are platforms built in parking lanes made to provide a welcoming area of practicality and visual aesthetics with benches, planters, bike racks, or even cafà © tables. On a much larger scale, architects can work with engineers to build â€Å"green buildings† a structure that is designed to reduce the impact on the environment and human health by efficiently using resources, improving employee productivity, and reducing environmental degradation. This is achieved through various techniques that take advantage of renewable resources (solar panels, green roofs, rain gardens, etc†¦) measures are taken to reduce energy consumption by allowing extra insulation within the confinements of the building which prevents air leakage while solar panels are implemented to lessen the need for electricity and energy cost during the day. One other key objective in green buildings is the conservation of water quality. By using fixtures such as low-flush toilets and low-flow shower heads which manage water recycling and benefit the minimization of waste-water. On the aesthetic side, biophilic design emphasizes harmony with natural features by integrating the environment with architectural design to create a place both pleasant and natural for people to work in. Due to its impact on human psychology, biophilic design plays a large role in health care while finding ways to cope with the the rates of technological progress compared to those of mental evolution. According to Biophilia expert Yannick Joye, â€Å"by including elements of ancestral habitats in the built environment, one can counter potential deleterious effects, which stem from this dominance, [of uniform/modernist environments], resulting in more positive effects and more relaxed physiological and psychological states.† Green buildings, incorporated with biophilic design would not only decrease the impact put on our environment by creating a more self sustaining city with fresh air and improved amount of resources. It may also reconnect urban dwellers with the natural world away from the bustling cars and crowded city streets, fostering restoration, improve emotional well-being, and promote health. Works Cited Asladirt. â€Å"Taking Nature to the City.† Diss. N.d. The Dirt. 31 Mar. 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. Berman, Marc G., John Jonides, and Stephen Kaplan. The Cognitive Beneï ¬ ts of Interacting With Nature. 12th ed. Vol. 19.PSYCHOLOG ICAL SC IENCE. 2008 Association for Psychological Science, 18 Feb. 2008. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. Lehrer, Jonah. â€Å"How the City Hurts Your Brain.† Boston.com. N.p., 2 Jan. 2009. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. Urbanized. Dir. Gary Hustwit. Perf. Oscar Niemeyer and Rem Koolhaas. 2011. DVD. Web. Walker, Christopher. â€Å"The Public Value of Urban Parks.† Urban.org. Urban Institute, 24 June 2004. Web. 22 Nov. 2012.

Crime and Legal System Essay

In the wide field of condemnable justness. one peculiar issue critically relevant in the concern of offense bar and societal control is juvenile delinquency due chiefly to the fact that its mark population are the bush leagues in the society. The construct of juvenile delinquency by and large encompassed legion concerns viz. the offenses affecting minor wrongdoers. the tribunal system to turn to these instances. the penalty attack for the immature person. and others relevant in accomplishing an effectual attack for accomplishing the ideal justness for these immature wrongdoers. In this chase. integrating sociological constructs can so advance development in the effectivity of the condemnable justness system for instances of juvenile delinquency. In analysing the condemnable justness system for minor wrongdoers. it is critically of import to see several factors straight related to the effectual accomplishment of its map. Among these factors are the consequence of the penalty to the minor wrongdoer. good options for the condemnable penalty. motivational schemes of behavioural development. influence of personality background. and others. Integrating the sociological position in this concern. the said field explains that the household construction. environment. and civilization are influential factors to the individual’s personality and behavioural development as such. should be considered in finding the appropriate action for instances of juvenile delinquency. Indeed. integrating this attack will uncover a more appropriate. efficaciously quarreling. and motivational action towards turn toing the personal jobs of the immature wrongdoers ensuing to their juvenile delinquency. Indeed. sociological. the young person period in the timeline of each person is a critical status wherein the individual encounter personality confusion and individuality battle. During this period. the fickle behavioural alterations in the individual can ensue to aggressive actions and determinations and if influenced by negative factors can ensue to juvenile delinquency. As such. nearing the position through a sociological position. it is more advantageous to undertake the job by assisting the wrongdoer header up with his or her personal alterations and battle and steer the individual to the proper manner. Indeed. developing the penalty system in this attack can ensue to an effectual juvenile justness system that promote healthy development through steering the misdemeanour of the minor wrongdoers towards fruitful growing and development for their benefit. In this attack. the issue of juvenile delinquency will be addressed by minimising the job and taking this attack as a mean of assisting the young person through the growing.

Group Communication Memo Essay

The current management team has prepared this memo to assist you in your new position with the company. We understand that you have limited experience in group formation and communication, and these skills will prove vital in your new position. We would like to share some fundamental information on group learning and communication along with experiences we have encountered collectively. Combine this information with your own group learning experiences and you will increase your success with the organization. In our organization we work with others in teams to complete tasks and solve issues that might arise. On occasion it will be necessary to ask people to be part of the group or to form a new group to address topics and issues. This will help you in understanding how teams come together and work as one unit. When people are asked to form a group, the first stage they experience is the forming stage. In this stage people come together and expectations and the purpose of the group is clouded in uncertainty. No one is really considered the leader of the group at this point. Behavior is greatly observed between team members to determine what is acceptable. This stage will be relatively short because soon the group will begin to function and devise ideas and suggestion for attacking the problem or task. Storming is the next stage the team will experience. This stage does cause some conflict within the team because there is no real chosen leader. In this stage the members of the team will accept the group and start to function within the team. However, the members of the team will show some resistance because groups or teams limit individuality and require unity to work efficiently. Within a short period of time there will be a leadership established with in the group and the members of the team will follow the chosen spokesperson. The third subsequent step in the group development process is the norming stage when the group begins to solidify. At this point the group will have established some acceptable standards of behaviors or â€Å"norms†. Once the group has established these norms, certain barriers can be eliminated. Groups can now focus more on collectively carrying out goals and less on establishing parameters for the group. These norms will now establish expectations of group behavior. At this point in the process, group structure has been established and accepted, and the group may begin focusing on performing which is the fourth step in group development. This is the point of action where organizational goals are carried out and performance is evaluated. From personal group experience we agree that during this stage it is imperative that groups have the tools necessary to complete their tasks. If teams are not distracted by trivial conflicts that can be easily remedied, then they will be able to maintain creativity and focus. The fifth and final step in group development is the adjourning stage. Depending on the purpose of the group and time span of the group, this stage will vary. Some groups form for the purpose of completing short-term tasks, while others carry out long-term initiatives. Regardless of the time frame, groups should be commended on their areas of success and constructively identify areas that need improvement. It is our experience that different individuals can be grouped together on several different tasks. If the adjourning stage is handled properly, these individuals will carry a good attitude and level of camaraderie into their next group project. (Daynette’s part discussing barriers of communication insert here) As you can see there are many barriers that face group communication, however, there are always ways to overcome those barriers. One barrier that is easy to overcome is premature evaluation of ideas. We believe the best way of overcoming this is by using the nominal-group technique. This technique does not utilize verbal idea sharing but rather every group member brainstorms and writes down their ideas, then goes around and shares them. By proceeding this way it stops anyone from ridiculing an idea and lets everyone’s ideas be heard so no one feels like they had a dumb idea and stops sharing with the group. You want to create a climate of freedom, by having more ideas in the open, the better chance you have of getting the best conclusion. Another barrier previously mentioned was poor physical surrounding. The best way to overcome this is to find a meeting location that works well for everyone. Make sure it is quiet like in a library, not in an apartment with noisy roommates or younger brothers and sisters. Make sure there are lots of lights, comfy chairs, and plenty of table space to work on the project. If you are uncomfortable you will be thinking about that the whole time instead of focusing on the group problem at hand. A third barrier to group communication was there being too many people. By having too many people, this makes the group less creative by not having every group member able to share their ideas. This can also cause social loafing where some members sit back and let everyone else do the work while they still get the credit. A good way to overcome this is by splitting the larger group into smaller groups and by either giving them the same topic to see all the different ways each group comes up with or splitting the topics if there is a lot to get done. This works well because you can draw in group members who are less talkative or shy in large group settings, thus creating more ideas. Another barrier is always not having enough time. No matter how far ahead you plan on any project there never seems like there is enough time to complete it. It is known that it takes a group a lot longer to work on a project than it does an individual because you have to comply with the group norms and rules. Here the only real thing you can do is to make sure you get down to business and split up the group work as soon as possible so that each member can get started. Also, make sure to finish everything a few days ahead so that way if someone is running behind you all have time to go back and fix any issues or to make sure it is all complete on time. Lastly, â€Å"stinking thinking† should try to be avoided when evaluating ideas. Try not to jump on other people’s ideas when they come up with them and wait till they are all heard. Use positive enforcement like â€Å"great idea but let’s here all of the other ideas first then we can go back and look at each one.† With every barrier that comes up there is always a better way to overcome it so that it doesn’t offend another group member. Remember teams only work well if all participants are on the same page. We have provided you with these tools and experiences for you to draw from when needed. When starting a new team or group it may be beneficial for all team members to review this memo prior to starting a new project. This will allow the team to start to understand why conflicts may arise and where to start in resolving these conflicts. We have great confidence in your ability to be a great leader and look forward to the success that your team will provide for our company in the future.

A More Perfect Union

In the remarks on â€Å"A More Perfect Union† Senator Barack Obama discusses the issue of race identity in terms of American society. Barack Obama describes his life stressing the role the race has played in his life. It is known that if Obama wins Presdiential elections, he will become the first African-American president in the US history.Obama touches the questions of slavery, declaration of independence in Philadelphia and origins of democracy in America. Declaration of independence in Philadelphia played crucial role in promoting democracy as farmers, scholars, patriots and statement were provided with opportunity to express their negative attitude towards slavery, discrimination, tyranny and inequality.Declaration of independence became the first step on the long road to democracy, freedom, liberty and universal human rights. (Obama, 2008)Through struggles and protests, through civil disobedience and civil war, American citizens made a successful attempt to narrow the ga p between empty words and reality of the time they lived in.Therefore, the most important idea of the speech is that all citizens of the United States should be provided with full rights and obligations despite their color, religious preferences and beliefs.Obama says that US Constitution is the ideal for citizens as it ensures their legal rights, and opportunities. It is Constitution that promises all citizens liberty, freedom, justice and union. Obama adds that union should be perfected with time.Therefore, Obama views the task of his campaign as one which will continue the long march of to more just, equal, free American nation. Obama says that he decided to run for presidency as he believed that challenges couldn’t be overcome unless they were solved together and unless the union was perfected. (Obama, 2008)Obama stresses that we have different hopes, but all of us are striving for better future sharing similar hopes. Obama argues that â€Å"we may not look the same and we may not have come from the same place, but we all want to move in the same direction – towards a better future for of children and our grandchildren†. (Obama, 2008) Obama’s beliefs, according to his words, are rooted in his own story. Obama tells he is the son of a black man and white woman from Kansas.Obama’s grandfather survived Depression and helped to raise Obama. Obama says he visited the best schools in American, and, at the same time, lived in one of the poorest nations. She is married to an African-American women and blood of slavery flowed within them. Obama’s life story has taught him that a nation isn’t simply a sum of genetic make-ups. Instead, nation is sharing common hopes and prospects for better future.Obama says that racial tensions are seen in all spheres of life. Even he is often labeled as ‘too black’ or ‘not black enough’. In South Carolina there are powerful coalitions of African-Americans an d white Americans. Blacks and whites are equally offended and it should be stopped. Obama shares his experiences at Trinity.He says that Trinity is embodiment of African-American community as similar to other African-American churches Trinity offers services which are full of bawdy humor and raucous laughter. Obama says that Trinity’s church is full of dancing, shouting and clapping, as well as it combines kindness and cruelty, struggles and success, intelligence and ignorance, love and bitterness, etc. All these components build the experience of Africans in America. (Obama, 2008)

A LESSON in HIDING

A LESSON in HIDING TriÃ'•tÐ °n nÐ °rrÐ ¾wÐ µd her eyes and glÐ °nÃ' Ã µd Ð ¾vÐ µr her slumped Ã'•hÐ ¾uldÐ µrÃ'• as she hÐ °Ã'•tilÃ'Æ' Ã' rÐ ¾Ã'•Ã'•Ð µd the Ã'•trÐ µÃ µt to her usual lunchtime spot, Cals diner. She Ã'•milÐ µd Ã' Ã ¾ngÐ µniÐ °llÃ'Æ' at the big man behind the grill and wÐ °vÐ µd at the rÐ µdhÐ µÃ °dÐ µd wÐ °itrÐ µÃ'•Ã'•. The usual Trish? Melanies tinkling vÐ ¾iÃ' Ã µ Ã'•Ð ¾undÐ µd Ð ¾ut frÐ ¾m bÐ µhind the counter Ð °Ã'• she grabbed a menu and two empty mugs. Yeah and make Ã'•urÐ µ TriÃ'•tÐ °n winked at the big man and Ã'•milÐ µd Ð °Ã'• MÐ µlÐ °niÐ µ tÐ ¾Ã ¾k a Ã'•Ð µÃ °t across frÐ ¾m her. It was hard to bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µ she hÐ °d bÐ µÃ µn fÐ ¾rÃ' Ã µd to move here 3 months ago. Her body shivers from the past of her life which forces her to leave all the things behind and go to new place. She was deeply in thought of the past situation. Her boss was killed bitterly in some political ties and she wa s in protective custody of FBI and relocated to the middle of nowhere. She sighed and pushed all the painful memories when she her only friend to MÐ µlÐ °niÐ µ prattle about the dÐ °Ã'Æ'Ã'• Ã' uÃ'•tÐ ¾mÐ µrÃ'•. Did Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u Ã'•Ð µÃ µ Mr. TÐ °ll, dark? MÐ µlÐ °niÐ µÃ'• Ð µÃ'Æ'Ð µÃ'• glazed Ð ¾vÐ µr as she glanced Ã'€Ð ¾intÐ µdlÃ'Æ' at a few table Ð °Ã' rÐ ¾Ã'•Ã'• frÐ ¾m uÃ'•. Tristan curiously fÐ ¾llÐ ¾wÐ µd her gaze and blushed horribly Ð °Ã'• she met a Ã'•Ð µt of smiling dark brown eyes that rÐ ¾Ã °mÐ µd freely and without embarrassment Ð ¾vÐ µr her partially Ã' Ã ¾nÃ' Ã µÃ °lÐ µd bÐ ¾dÃ'Æ'. Melanies Ð °muÃ'•Ð µd expression fÐ °dÐ µd whÐ µn she Ã'•Ð °w the look of tÐ µrrÐ ¾r in her new friends Ð µÃ'Æ'Ð µÃ'•, Ã'•urÐ µlÃ'Æ' she couldnt have known the man that Ã' Ã °mÐ µ in, Spence hardly Ð µvÐ µr frÐ µÃ"›uÐ µntÐ µd tÐ ¾wn and his lÐ °Ã'•t viÃ'•it would have bÐ µÃ µn a few wÐ µÃ µkÃ'• bÐ µfÐ ¾rÐ µ Trish had gotten here. Spence watched as the dÐ µlÐ µÃ' tÐ °blÐ µ little woman shift nÐ µrvÐ ¾uÃ'•lÃ'Æ' in her. He felt riÃ'•Ð µ up in him he was Ã'•urÐ µ he would find out and rid her of whatever was bothering her. A lean, Ã'•lightlÃ'Æ' angry lÐ ¾Ã ¾king man sat down across from the girl and he bit back the growl that wÐ °Ã'• rumbling in his Ã' hÐ µÃ'•t. TriÃ'•tÐ °n smiled Ã'€Ð ¾litÐ µlÃ'Æ' up at Rick bÐ µfÐ ¾rÐ µ lowering her eyes back to the table, the man’s intense gaze Ð °lwÐ °Ã'Æ'Ã'• set her on edge and she couldnt keep lÐ ¾Ã ¾king at him in the Ð µÃ'Æ'Ð µÃ'•. She picked at the fÐ ¾Ã ¾d MÐ µlÐ °niÐ µ Ã'€lÐ °Ã' Ã µd in frÐ ¾nt of her and Ã'•ighÐ µd loudly whÐ µn her Ã' Ã ¾mÃ'€Ð °niÐ ¾n didnt tart talking. Okay Rick, I know I messed up, but do Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u blame me? she winced. YÐ µÃ'• I Ã' Ã °n blame you! HÐ °d Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u bÐ µÃ µn rÐ µÃ' Ã ¾gnizÐ µd this whole Ã'•ituÐ °tiÐ ¾n would have gotten wÐ ¾rÃ'•Ð µ. Id hÐ °tÐ µ to Ã'•Ð µÃ µ the rÐ µÃ'•t of Ã'Æ'Ð ¾ur living family and up like Greg. The steel of his voice and the mention of her dÐ µÃ °d bÐ ¾Ã'•Ã'•Ã'• name sent hill racing through her bÐ ¾dÃ'Æ'. I think you nÐ µÃ µd to get Ã'•Ð ¾mÐ µ air. SÃ'€Ð µnÃ' Ã µÃ'• large hand Ã' lÐ °mÃ'€Ð µd Ð ¾vÐ µr Ricks shoulder as he stared down hard at the man. HÐ µÃ'Æ' buddy this Ã' Ã ¾nvÐ µrÃ'•Ð °tiÐ ¾n has nothing to do with you Ã'•Ð ¾ who dont you go bÐ °Ã' k to your meal and mind Ã'Æ'Ð ¾ur own buÃ'•inÐ µÃ'•Ã'•. Rick wÐ °Ã'• furious that this inferior mol was trying to scare him out of doing his job. Tristan blushed lightly at the large and very hÐ °ndÃ'•Ð ¾mÐ µ man’s appraisal; something within her hÐ ¾Ã'€Ð µd that hÐ µ would Ð °Ã'€Ã'€rÐ ¾vÐ µ and the rÐ µÃ'•t of her Ã'•Ã' Ã ¾ffÐ µd at the nÐ µÃ µd of no man’s Ð °Ã'€Ã'€rÐ ¾vÐ °l. Can I half Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u? Her tone wÐ °Ã'• Ã' riÃ'•Ã'€ and hÐ °rÃ'•hÐ µr thÐ °n she intended. He instead Ð µxtÐ µnd his hÐ °nd to hÐ µrÃ'• and sighed Ã'•Ð ¾ftlÃ'Æ' as her Ã'•tÐ °rtlÐ µd Ð µxÃ'€rÐ µÃ'•Ã'•iÐ ¾n fÐ °dÐ µd and she grasped his hÐ °nd, Ã'•Ð µnding Ã'•hÐ ¾Ã' kÃ'• of Ð µlÐ µÃ' triÃ' itÃ'Æ' Ã'•trÐ °ight through him. IÃ'• hÐ µ bÐ ¾thÐ µring you? SÃ'€Ð µnÃ' Ã µ glÐ °nÃ' Ã µd at the Ã'•mÐ °llÐ µr man and grinnÐ µd Ð °Ã'• hÐ µ briÃ'•tlÐ µd at his diÃ'•miÃ'•Ã'•Ð °l. He always bothers mÐ µ, but unfortunately I have no Ã' hÐ ¾iÃ' Ã µ in whÐ µthÐ µr I wÐ °nt to Ã'•Ð µÃ µ or talk to him. TriÃ'•tÐ °n glared at th e nÐ µÃ °rlÃ'Æ' sinister lÐ ¾Ã ¾king face Rick wÐ °Ã'• giving her; if looks could kill she would have bÐ µÃ µn six feet undÐ µr. Shut up Trish. Rick growled out. I will not tÐ ¾lÐ µrÐ °tÐ µ Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u talking to her like that. I, unlike her, dont give two hit but who you or. Spence grÐ °bbÐ µd the man be the Ã'•Ã' ruff of his nÐ µÃ' k and fÐ ¾rÃ' Ã µfullÃ'Æ' uÃ'•hÐ µrÐ µd him out of the building. I won’t be Ã'•Ð ¾ in the next time I Ã'•Ð µÃ µ you bulking round her. You just made a huge miÃ'•tÐ °kÐ µ buddy! You have no idÐ µÃ ° who you or faking with Rink bÐ µllÐ ¾wÐ µd Ð ¾ut as hÐ µ knÐ µÃ °dÐ µd the bÐ °Ã' k of his nÐ µÃ' k, the man dÐ µfiÐ °ntlÃ'Æ' had a grid to rÐ µÃ' kÐ ¾n with. I dont Ã' Ã °rÐ µ who you are, or who Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u work for. If you touch a hair and that womans hÐ µÃ °d or talk to her with anything but rÐ µÃ'•Ã'€Ð µÃ' t I will riÃ'€ your thrÐ ¾Ã °t Ð ¾ut and fÐ µÃ µd it to the wÐ ¾lvÐ µÃ'•. Do Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u undÐ µrÃ'•tÐ °nd me? said Spence with extreme anger. Rick lÐ ¾Ã ¾kÐ µd Ã'•tunnÐ µd at man that blÐ ¾Ã' kÐ µd him frÐ ¾m his target. If hÐ µ wouldnt move willingly Rick would have to urge him with fÐ ¾rÃ' Ã µ if nÐ µÃ' Ã µÃ'•Ã'•Ð °rÃ'Æ'. Yeah buddy I understand that youre some Ã'•Ð ¾rt of miÃ'•guidÐ µd Ð µÃ °vÐ µÃ'•drÐ ¾Ã'€Ã'€Ð µr that needs a Ã'•Ð µriÐ ¾uÃ'• lÐ µÃ'•Ã'•Ð ¾n in manners. MÐ °kÐ µ no miÃ'•tÐ °kÐ µ, just bÐ µÃ' Ã °uÃ'•Ð µ she saved your lifÐ µ today doesnt mean we won’t run into Ð µÃ °Ã' h other Ð °gÐ °in. SÃ'€Ð µnÃ' Ã µ turned on his hÐ µÃ °l, drÐ °Ã'€Ð µd Ð °n arm round Trish’s shoulder and walked her Ã' Ã °Ã'•uÐ °llÃ'Æ' back into the diner praying the guÃ'Æ' would fuck up and follow him back in, he nÐ µÃ µdÐ µd to find rÐ µlÐ µÃ °Ã'•Ð µ for this Ã'€Ð µnt-uÃ'€ Ð °ngÐ µr. Then, two love birds started meeting on and off. Their love spell started. One day, Spence asked Trish for a date and both of them had a qu ality time with each other. When they both were drinking, Spence asked her about the issue with Rick and the reason of her nervousness. At this question, she became infuriated and told him that Rick was dead. After her this reaction, Spence dropped Trish at her home and she took him in her home. Inside the back room, Trish had crawled out from underneath Spence. He fucked her like dog as she told him. She gripped a pillow in her fists and he breathed behind her, hot air down her back which was starting to sweat and slip on his stomach. She did not want him to see her face because it was blowing up inside, red and furious, and she’s grimacing at the pale white wall which was cool when she put her hand on it to help her push back into him, get his dick to fill up her body until there’s nothing left of her inside: just dick. While they both were having sex, Trish became werewolf and killed Spence as he did with her boss and Rick.

How Exceptional is or was the American Federalism Compared to Canada Essay

How Exceptional is or was the American Federalism Compared to Canada and Germany federalism - Essay Example In accordance with LaCroix, federalism has been based on ‘the necessity for the existence of states’ (LaCroix 2) and the theory that a country with extensive territory, such as USA, cannot be easily organized as a republic (LaCroix 2). Moreover, Obinger (2005) noted that the development of a precise definition of federalism would be quite difficult, mostly because the specific term is used in order to describe a series of conditions and events, including a series of ‘institutional and jurisdictional arrangements’ (Obinger 9) for protecting the interests of local populations – referring to the population of the states. Despite its complexity, the federal system of governance is preferred by many states worldwide. About 23 countries in the international community are based on the specific system of governance; their influence on the global political system is quite important taking into consideration the fact that a percentage of 40% of the global popul ation are governed through the particular system of governance (Obinger 9). The characteristics of federalism as developed in USA are critically discussed in this paper; emphasis is given on the advantages of American federalism compared to other forms of federalism worldwide, especially the Canadian and the German forms of federalism. The key characteristics of federalism can be identified in the following definition: ‘the activities of government are divided between regional governments and a central government’ (Riker 1975 in Obinger 9).... government and the regional governments have the power to develop their own decisions on the activities under their control – meaning the political, social and economic activities being under the control of central or the regional governments, as defined in relevant arrangements (as noted in the definition of Obinger above). Federalism, as described above, has certain priorities. These priorities have been described in the Federalist Papers, through which Federalism has been established. The key priorities of federalism, are the following ones a) specific measures need to be developed by the government – referring to either the central government or the regional governments, as noted above, so that the concentration of power (meaning the political power) is avoided; at the same time, political and economic freedom needs to be guaranteed (Obinger 10), b) in the context of federalism emphasis is given on the rights of minorities; in fact, these rights have key importance for federalism, a type of governance which has been developed mostly for covering the needs of areas with high cultural and geographic diversity (Obinger 10). Reference can be made to the case of Canada, a country where federalism has been used for ensuring the protection of rights of citizens who have different cultural background and ethics (Obinger 10). At this point, the following issue should be highlighted: despite the fact that federalism has been introduced in order to respond to specific needs, as described above, it is difficult for the specific system to have a common level or form of development worldwide – reference is made to the countries that their system of governance is based on federalism. An indicative example of this prospect is mentioned in the study of Obinger. In accordance