Conventional Silver-Based Film Cameras vs Digital Cameras

Ordinary silver-based film is as yet the suggested innovation for evidentiary photography or for field applications. These cameras offer the most elevated goals prospects just as the most noteworthy unique range. They have the best shading range and are the most adaptable of the right now accessible camera innovation choices. Silver-based film is the most solid stockpiling medium also, and is more promptly accessible than video or computerized stockpiling media (â€Å"Guidelines). Goals quality, or the sharpness of detail, is one of the most noteworthy focal points of silver-based film. The incredibly little measured silver gems for this sort of film permit silver-based film cameras to have an a lot higher goals than computerized cameras. 35mm camera negatives have an inexact goals of 5500 x 3600 pixels, while advanced cameras regularly just have a goals of 640 x 480 pixels. That compares to just 1.6 percent of the data that is caught with a silver-based film camera being caught with a computerized camera (â€Å"Guidelines†). There are impediments to utilizing this kind of camera, be that as it may. First is the requirement for a different handling and printing offices. What's more, there is a generally long preparing time required for silver-based film. Preparing the film likewise makes earth dangerous results, also the film before handling is delicate to temperature and mugginess changes, just as x-beams. The most striking detriment is that it is highly unlikely for the picture taker to assess the picture quickly, except if moment film is utilized (â€Å"Guidelines†). Favorable circumstances and Disadvantages of Digital Cameras: Advanced cameras offer some particular favorable circumstances over different kinds of cameras. The first advantage they offer the client is the capacity to see the picture right away and confirm that picture is actually what was needed. Likewise, the picture can be transmitted or imparted to not many middle advances. On location picture the board just as printing are included points of interest, just as more naturally agreeable media than film (â€Å"Guidelines†). The inconveniences of advanced cameras, be that as it may, frequently exceed its preferences. Advanced cameras require batteries or substitute force supplies to work. This implies there is a negative ecological effect, power must be changed over, and a force gracefully should consistently be accessible. Capacity media, albeit getting all the more promptly accessible, is as yet not accessible all around. Obtaining a picture might be meddled with by electromagnetic fields, and once a picture is procured it might experience a programmed pressure, losing a portion of the detail. Advanced camera equipment and programming are not generally good with different producers and there is a requirement for expanded specialized help. Finally, as innovation develops there might be an effect on the capacity to get to picture records, when that document position gets obsolete (â€Å"Guidelines†). Points of interest and Disadvantages of Video Cameras: Camcorders have become increasingly more famous with the progressions in innovation. Camcorders take into account a constant movement record and the recorder can promptly survey the pictures caught to guarantee they are what was wanted. Like computerized cameras, camcorders can transmit and disperse pictures with not many strides in the middle of and they are more ecologically benevolent than silver-based film. One of the most critical preferences to camcorders is their capacity to catch video symbolism as well as sound too (â€Å"Guidelines†). However, there are drawbacks to this innovation also. Like advanced cameras, camcorders require batteries or an other force gracefully, and these have a negative natural effect and the accessibility of these influence whether the camcorder can be utilized. Camcorder stockpiling media is additionally liable to harm because of electromagnetic fields, and like computerized cameras, electromagnetic impedance may influence picture obtaining. Goals on camcorders is not exactly either advanced or silver-based film cameras and there is restricted shading loyalty. Add to these the test that handheld camcorders need picture dependability and that the weight and convenientce of some hardware may end up being an issue. Very good quality computerized camcorders are preferable goals over simple cameras (â€Å"Guidelines†). Focal points and Disadvantages of Hybrid Imaging Systems: Cross breed imaging frameworks consolidate silver-based film innovation with computerized innovation. The benefits of this sort of framework is that there is less an ideal opportunity to be spent in the darkroom and the camera keeps up the excellent film pictures. With this top notch, there is as yet the adaptability that accompanies computerized picture preparing. Much the same as computerized cameras, pictures can without much of a stretch be moved electronically and can be broke down electronically too. This framework additionally disentangles case-document the board and can utilize an assortment of yield gadgets (â€Å"Guidelines†). There are detriments to this framework, in any case. There is as yet a requirement for isolated handling and printing offices for the silver-based film, which incorporates the extensive preparing time and the naturally unsafe results. Much the same as a customary silver-based film camera, the preprocessed film is delicate and can be harmed by temperature, moistness and x-beams. What's more, it needs expanded specialized help, dissimilar to an ordinary silver-based film camera (â€Å"Guidelines†). Sincere belief on Which Camera is Best for Crime Scene Photography: Wrongdoing scene photography requires away from of explicit subtleties that may not stay at the scene. Therefore, there is one component that is completely obligatory while thinking about which camera is most appropriate for wrongdoing scene photography. The first is that the camera must have a sufficiently high goals to catch the significant subtleties of the pictures caught. This limits the decisions of the camera down to at that point, either the silver-based film camera or the half and half imaging framework. Obviously when one considers the significance of guaranteeing that all wrongdoing scene aspects are shot enough, it turns out to be certain that the capacity to audit a picture immediately is an incredible advantage. With this capacity, the picture taker can guarantee that he has caught precisely what he needs on film, without the danger of missing something that will be unable to be shot later. Thus, the cross breed imaging framework seems, by all accounts, to be the best decision. It not just considers the high goals important to catch significant subtleties, however permits the picture taker moment access to the pictures the individual in question just took, with the goal that they can check that they caught all that they might want. Despite the fact that this framework has the handling disadvantages of silver-based film, it likewise has the advantages of having the option to transmit picture documents electronically, just as the upgraded stockpiling and recording.

Creationism in Public Education Essay -- Religion

A fervently discussed point these previous hardly any years focuses on the beginning of life. Presently like never before, science and religion are butting makes a beeline for think of an end, and one that state funded schools would educate to their understudies. Alex Rainert, in the interim, reasons that both â€Å"science and religion are occupied with a similar task, to find the starting point of life† (141). To put it plainly, one could all the more likely portray the discussion as a campaign among evolutionists and creationists. The two sides have their very much established contentions, however when one ganders at the choices of the courts, obviously just one side may win the fight when choosing science educational program in schools. In spite of the staggering number of individuals for showing creationism in government funded schools, it might be smarter to leave science classes liberated from issues of strict conviction. In 2004, Sharpes and Peramas report that â€Å"nearly 66% of all Americans overviewed supported showing creationism along with advancement in schools,† as per a survey composed by CBS Broadcasting (qtd. in Costley and Killins). In this way, it appears as though people in general has become tied up with the reasonable play contention proposed by creationists. All things considered, why not have a spot to show similarly sound speculations of the inception of life in schools? (Eldredge 634). Chet Raymo, a prominent science educator of material science and stargazing at Stonehill College, dismisses this idea, expressing, â€Å"one should give equivalent charging to the individuals who accept the Earth is flat† since creationism remains on minimal truthful ground (156). At any rate, the U.S. Preeminent Court represents that training creationism squeezes minorities to adjust to the clearly preferred religion when the intensity of the administration backs up the hypothesis (qt d. in Anti-Defamation League ... ...ligion Will Transform Your Life and Our World. New York: Penguin Group, 2007. Print. Eldredge, Niles. â€Å"Creationism Isn’t Science.† The Conscious Reader. sixth ed. Ed. D. Anthony English and Eben Ludlow. Needham Heights: Simon and Schuster, 1995. 633-638. Print. Hickman, Cleveland Pendleton. Incorporated Principles of Zoology, 6th version. St. Louis: The C. V. Mosby Company, 1979. Print. Of Darwin, Dover and (un)intelligent plan: researcher says the eventual fate of science†what's more, Church-State division - are in question in the creationism/advancement struggle. Church and State 62.2 (2009): 10+. General OneFile. Web. 23 Feb. 2012. Rainert, Alex. â€Å"Creationism V. Evolutionism in America’s Public Schools.† Cooke 138- 41. Print. Raymo, Chet. Doubters and True Believers: The Exhilarating Connection Between Science and Religion. Walker Publishing Company, Inc., 1998. Print.

OCD vs. Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder

OCD vs. Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder OCD Related Conditions Print OCD vs. Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder By Owen Kelly, PhD Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on July 01, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on September 12, 2019 Manchan / Getty Images More in OCD Related Conditions Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types Living With OCD Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) are often a source of considerable confusion for researchers, healthcare professionals, and patients. Despite having similar names and symptoms, OCD and OCPD are distinct forms of mental illness that have unique and specific characteristics. The main difference  is that OCD is designated in the DSM within its own category called Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders,  while OCPD is considered a personality disorder.?? Characteristics of OCD OCD is a disorder defined as the presence of an obsession (an irrational thought or idea that continually repeats) or a compulsion (an irrational behavior performed repeatedly). These behaviors can occur together or on their own, and interfere with a persons quality of life and ability to function.?? Obsessions Obsessions are not simply worries about real, everyday problems; they are defined by specific clinical characteristics, namely: Irrational thoughts, images, or ideas that won’t go away, are unwanted and cause extreme distressThoughts that you accept as your own but seem impossible to controlThoughts that are distressing enough to cause you to act in ways to actively dispel those thoughts, such as engaging in compulsive behaviors as a means of distraction Compulsions Similar to obsessions, compulsions are neither routines nor addictions.?? Rather, they are characterized by abnormal behaviors that may include: Irrational and often ritualistic behaviors you feel you must carry out over and over again, such as cleaning, hand-washing, counting, tapping, or double-checkingEngaging in repetitive behaviors for fear that something terrible may happen, such as getting an infectionHoarding things out of fear that something bad may happen if you dont have these items near youPerforming ritualistic behaviors to dispel anxieties about an obsessive thought, such as the fear of someone dyingRepetitive behaviors that you recognize are irrational but find impossible to stop Characteristics of OCPD OCPD is a personality disorder defined by strict adherence to orderliness and control over ones environment at the expense of flexibility and the openness to new experiences.?? OCPD is characterized by personality traits such as: An excessive need for perfection and a relentless control over not only your environment but the nature of interpersonal relationshipsA preoccupation with details, rules, lists, and order to the extent that you may miss the major objective of an activityAn excessive devotion to work at the expense of family or friendsA rigidity and inflexibility with regards to morals, ethics, values, and/or the adherence to rulesThe inability to get rid of items that no longer have value (hoarding)The inability to be generous to others OCD vs. OCPD Differentiating Between Conditions While there is considerable overlap between the two disorders, there are four basic ways to tell OCD and OCPD apart: OCD is defined by the presence of true obsessions and/or compulsions. Conversely, with OCPD, the behaviors are not directed by thoughts you are unable to control or irrational behaviors you repeat over and over again, often with no apparent aim.??Persons with OCD are typically distressed by the nature of their behaviors or thoughts, however much they are unable to control them, while people with OCPD fully believe that their actions have an aim and purpose.Persons with OCD will often seek professional help to overcome the irrational nature of their behavior and the persistent state of anxiety they live under.?? (Some, however, may not see their actions as irrational and will not seek help for behavior they believe to be helpful or necessary.)Persons with OCPD will usually not seek help because they dont see that anything they are doing is particularly abnormal or irrational.The symptoms of OCD tend to fluctuate in association with the underlying anxiety. Because OCPD is defined by in flexibility, the behaviors tend to be persistent and unchanging over the long term. A Word From Verywell While there are clear conceptual differences between OCD and OCPD, in practice, these disorders can be difficult to tell apart. In some cases, a person may even be affected by both disorders. To come to an informed diagnosis and find appropriate treatment, it is important to seek the care of a qualified mental health professional, such as a psychiatrist or psychologist.?? Some OCD and/or OCPD sufferers may not recognize the detrimental impact of their behavior(s) and may be in harms way. If you know someone in this situation, encourage them to seek professional help in a supporting, sensitive way.

The Atomic Bomb Helpful or Harmful Essay - 3239 Words

The Atomic Bomb Helpful or Harmful There used to be a time in America when the name â€Å"Atomic Bomb† seemed fictional to some, non existent to others,and seemed only a dream to those in the science world. That time is long gone.The day that changed all ideas and opinions about what war was and what is has evolved to be was August 6,1945. President Truman had decided to drop the Atomic bomb in order to end the war and save as many lives as possible. The United States had dropped the bomb on Hiroshima in order to end the war almost instantly and avoid bloody invasion, thereby saving both American and Japanese lives. Whether or not to drop the atomic bomb was president Truman’s decision, faced with this decision Truman researched†¦show more content†¦An American military soldier stationed in Japan tells his of what he saw in Japan, â€Å"The mass fire bombings that went on for days and would of kept on going if it wasn’t for the atomic bomb. Our B-29’s for months were flying over Tokyo and Yokohamama,dropping firebombs. We were deliberately trying to burn everybody to death in those to cities so what was worse?†(Takaki 29) The Bomb put and end to the war, unlike the mass killings the air raids provided with no real accomplishments. As the war went on, the Japanese made it very clear to the Americans that they would not be surrendering and the Americans kept on increasing the military pressure. Truman believed that the attacking would not stop until Japan provided an unconditional surrender. On July 26,1945 Truman issued the Potsdam Declaration which stated that Japan accept â€Å"unconditional surrender† or be willing to face â€Å"utter devastation of the Japanese homeland.† (Takaki 38) Truman gave the Japanese ample time to avoid destruction and the deaths of their people, yet they did not respond, surrendering would only seem like a dishonor to their land.(O’Neal 54) So with all the plans being thought up the atomic bomb was being prepared to go off. The Manhattan Project that was started in 1943 (Blow 53) to study and test the bomb was coming to an end as Truman made his final decision on whether or not the bombShow MoreRelatedScientists and Weapons of Mass Destruction860 Words   |  3 Pagesweapons on earth. An example for a nuclear weapon is an atomic bomb called â€Å"little boy† and â€Å"fatman,† which were a gun-type weapon and the implosion-type. These were the first atomic bombs dropped by United States on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Many scientists and engineers in the â€Å"Manhattan Project† developed these bombs. About 140,000 deaths were reported from the Hiroshima bombing. These innocent people were killed within seconds from these atomic bomb created from obligated scientists. Scientists and engineersRead More Truman, the Atomic Bomb, and the Shaping of the Postwar World6419 Words   |  26 PagesTruman, the Atomic Bomb, and the Shaping of the Postwar World ABSTRACT Historians have questioned the decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan in 1945. Evidence shows that President Truman weighed not only military information in his decision to use the bomb, but also considered postwar politics and foreign policy when he considered dropping the atomic bomb on Japan. An analysis of his personal papers offers a different reasoning for using the bomb than what was commonly known at the time. TheRead MoreThe Economic Effect on Japan during Post World War II Essay1720 Words   |  7 Pages The Economic Effect on Japan during Post World War II Japan’s economy was greatly affected by the atomic bombs dropped on both Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan’s economic recovery as a result of this incident transformed Japan’s economic growth which has become known as the â€Å"Economic Miracle.† The bombs caused Japan to reconstruct many more facilities in which the economy moved forward. The Economic Planning Agency, which used to be known as the Economic Stabilization Board, helped Japan to becomeRead MoreHow Much Radiation Levels Of Millerem The Public1704 Words   |  7 Pagestherapy. Henri Becquerel discovered after multiple experiments that it was the material itself that gave off the rays. Later on Marie Curie named it radioactivity. She found out the elements which are thorium, polonium, and radium. Radiation was really helpful during World War 1. During that time, people found out that radiation materials that are high can be extremely dangerous. People can die because of radiation, because of radiation exposure. That was proven with, â€Å"Radium Girls†. In 1993, it providedRead MoreNuclear And Nuclear Science : An Innovation Of Modern Technology1252 Words   |  6 PagesUnited Kingdom, France, Pakistan, India, North Korea (Amanda Macias, 2014). However, New Zealand choose to be nuclear free, New Zealand strong support nuclear disarmament and nonproliferation. It also is a strong supporter for IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) (B eehive, n.d). Even though nuclear power and nuclear weapons have a number of disadvantageous events, but these two things have positives. However, New Zealand is following â€Å"nuclear free† is a wise policy. Nuclear power has many advantagesRead MoreThe Broca s Area Affects Speech Production And Pronunciation1392 Words   |  6 Pagesextraordinary imagination. She has the power to draw future events, because her right hemisphere is so enhanced. She would come to the rescue by making others aware of potentially harmful future events. If she was around before the attack on the twin towers, she could have saved America from much tragedy. She especially helpful at informing government officials of future terrorist attacks. Wernicke’s Area: Wernicke s area is the region of the brain that is important for language development. CommunicanRead MoreAmerica and Irans Nuclear Program Essay examples1778 Words   |  8 Pagesfor the U.S. to strike Iran. Above all, however, is the considerable loss of lives that would be the result of a preemptive strike, especially if it were a nuclear attack. The world has only witnessed a nuclear attack twice, when the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II. The destruction that followed was unparalleled; according to the BBC, over 200,000 people were killed immediately following the attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and countless survivors became sickRead MoreHuman Rights Violations of North Korea4952 Words   |  20 Pagesviolations being brought upon them, more and more people are seeing what is actually happening. With this international relationships are teetering as North Korea removes any help the people may get from outside sources. The testing of No rth Koreas first bomb in 2006, there have been many moves to attempt to de-nuclearize the North. Yet still, talks are still being made to attempt to join North and South Korea and bring peace to the area. The state, due to its Juche ideology, has had most humanitarianRead MoreRealism Theory and Narcoterrorism Essays7379 Words   |  30 PagesUnited States and Europe are the main importers of cocaine, the main exporters of cocaine are found in Latin America. Latin America has among one of the most impacted nations involved in narco-terrorism. In Latin America, cocaine is known as the â€Å"atomic bomb†. The most impacted countries of narco-terrorism are Columbia, Mexico, and Peru. Columbia Columbia is historically the most impacted nation of narco-terrorism. Columbia was first declared an independent nation after the fall of Gran ColumbiaRead MoreSocial Networking Sites-Boon/Bane15517 Words   |  63 Pagesand sponsored those other surveys. Were they funded by the industry which profits from selling lots of electronic devices to unsuspecting people? I recall many years ago that the tobacco industry also had surveys which â€Å"proved† that smoking was not harmful to your health. We all  know today how accurate those past â€Å"corporate-sponsored surveys† were.  Ã‚  I urge you to read both links and decide for yourselves what you wish to believe and do about the situation. It is my opinion that when Jesus Christ/Yahshua

Whatever They Told You About Opinion Essay Topics for Elementary Students Is Dead Wrong...And Heres Why

Whatever They Told You About Opinion Essay Topics for Elementary Students Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why Up in Arms About Opinion Essay Topics for Elementary Students? It can be challenging to compose a persuasive essay without a fantastic outline. Writing and essay is an excellent method to talk about your own ideas with different men and women. You have produced a persuasive essay outline! If you're a high school student and you're trying to find an amazing persuasive essay topic, make sure to read the subsequent article that offers you some ideas. Things You Won't Like About Opinion Essay Topics for Elementary Students and Things You Will Select the period of life which you think is best and compose an essay arguing why it's the ideal time of life. Disagreeing writers can mention the many explanations for why students shouldn't be made to take part in the daily routine. Take a peek at your breathing whenever you're speaking to a group of individuals. Sharpen students' c apability to express their ideas with persuasive writing activities. You shouldn't begin writing if you're undecided on what you wish to write, while it is about events, experiences and others. Every family needs to have a all-natural disaster survival program. You should be sure you will share about experiences, events and individual characteristics. Next month, topics class is going to have a class pet. The Nuiances of Opinion Essay Topics for Elementary Students Take into consideration which movie you think that your class should watch and then compose a letter to your teacher seeking to convince 3rd to support your pick. The school day needs to be shorter. Your teacher has chosen to enable the class vote on what type of pet to get. Next week, she is going to allow the class to watch a movie. In many instances, persuasive essays are among the most popular forms of work that high school students prefer. Pick from a persuasive writing prompts elementary students be permitted to wear. You will also want to consider about how your students can organize their writing. Second, be certain that your writing is focused and clear. The Most Popular Opinion Essay Topics for Elementary Students If you've been assigned a persuasive essay and are trying to find some great. Even though it's common, student has to find right to become great grades. Explain the reason it's essential for students to understand how to do math. Often college students get into lots of stress to get the perfect topic for the essay. All About Opinion Essay Topics for Elementary Students You may want to conference with students since they plan and appear at their pages to help provide the guidance and support that every student requirements. Ultimately, be sure that the topic you select can be supported by some factual evidence. Which someone tries to get cell phones in your benefit. Give a couple of minutes for students to think of answers and gather them in a group. 20 Great Persuasive Essay Topics For Elementary School If you're searching for an intriguing question that's acceptable for elementary school persuasive writing, don't forget to look through the next article. Explain why it's so critical for children to attend school. School tests aren't effective. Parents of bullies should need to pay a fine. Life is much better than it was 50 decades ago. Women ought to be fined whenever they scream. Things You Should Know About Opinion Essay Topics for Elementary Students Once the organizers are modeled students can start to choose topics for a bit of opinion writing and start to plan the piece they are going to want to publish and share. Before students begin to write, it is a very good idea for them to earn a list of the points they would like to make to their readers. A minumum of one parent should work at home. For is feature enables you to search the website. In your primary research, it is where you must think what information to have in your paper. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, together with make sure you are getting the very best service our company may deliver. Sexist advertising needs to be banned 11. Obviously, you may choose any other topic. You should have your reasons, and our primary concern is that you find yourself getting an excellent grade. You've come to the proper place. It is preferable to begin with good lead and you must develop the characters and the lot. Literary essays exist in a specific framework that produces allowances for certain varieties of arguments and certain sorts of questions. Persuasive essay is also called the argument essay. An argumentative essay is a certain sort of academic writing. An autobiography essay is centered on the writer's life from the viewpoint of the writer . Another good idea is to receive some totally free essay examples of different kinds and on various subjects to find a general idea of the way in which a prosperous debatable paper looks. So, the very best start would be to interpret this kind of assignment for a definition essay as a way to define and understand its features that have to be preserved. Actually, you might have been requested to compose persuasive essay without actually realising it. Among the different kinds of essay, there's a definition essay that could appear to be among the most simple assignments.

The Death of Human Interaction A Pitfall of the Social Network Free Essays

string(31) " aura that a person gives off\." Not that many years ago there was a thriving business in my hometown of Columbiana, Ohio called The Lazy Bean Cafe. When it moved into its location in mid-2002 it was the place to be for all the kids (and even adults) in the community. It was the only place in town that made and served smoothies right in front of your eyes. We will write a custom essay sample on The Death of Human Interaction: A Pitfall of the Social Network or any similar topic only for you Order Now The prices were doable for even the kids my age to get something a few times a week. The Lazy Bean also supported local art by having free concerts every Friday night for local bands. It was the place where you would meet friends to go somewhere or just to hangout in the Cafe. A place where people of all ages would meet to catch up with old friends or spend time with the friends they see daily. And so business was thriving for the owners of the Lazy Bean Cafe. For a few years, things went on this way. Even through the beginnings of the recession the cafe remained strong and stable. Overall, the people of my small community saw little effect, for the most part, from the recession. Which is why things stayed mainly stagnant as far as the local market was concerned. Yet for some reason the Lazy Bean cafe was losing business. People were just not going there anymore. Personally, I know my friends still always had money to spend. The Cafe wasn’t doing anything that would drive people away, at least not at that point in 2007. Everything was how it always had been, except that people just weren’t buying their product anymore, and people weren’t meeting or hanging out with friends their anymore. So in late-2008 they had to start taking drastic measures to keep their business afloat. They fired some of their workers and lowered the amount of hours the Cafe was open. Things didn’t improve. So about a year after they did this they had to increase the prices of their product in order to make ends meet, which drove away most of the remaining consumers. They lasted only a few months after they changed their menu prices. The members of the community were quick to blame the company’s change of menu and prices for the reason their business was plummeting, but I saw through it. I know they wouldn’t have had to change their menu if people were consistently coming to buy their products. The reason that the business failed wasn’t because of anything they did. It was because people were no longer having conversations over bagels and coffee in their restaurant. There was no longer a need for a public place for people to meet up and talk. Their target market had been taken over by something more convenient, and the real world atmosphere they created was being replaced by something with no feelings or emotions at all. Something made of cold metal and wires. Something cheaper and easier to be a part of. Something that allowed you to have your entire social circle at your finger tips: an internet based social network. Since it’s inception in 2004, Facebook has surpassed Decayenne, Friendster, Myspace and all other social networks and become the most populace internet website in the world. More than five-hundred million people have joined the Facebook experience since its beginning and it is growing with every second of the day. Most of these users log on to Facebook everyday; and why shouldn’t they? It’s the easiest way to keep in contact with what their friends are up to as well as tell them what they have been up to. Sure does beat the heck out of having to walk somewhere to meet them and talk in person. Saves time, money, and most importantly energy. Now, you don’t even have to dial a phone number to talk to someone in real time. You just click their name and a box pops up for you to message them. Still, can you actually say that you are talking in â€Å"real time,† can you even really call it a conversation? After all, you can’t see the person at all. Well, you can’t SEE them when you are talking on the phone either! That is true, but at least you can hear their actual voice. At least on the phone you don’t have to guess at which syllable they were emphasizing. You don’t have any confusion as to what is meant by what they said when you hear the inflection of their voice coming directly from their mouth. On the phone, you can hear the timing in which things are said. You instinctively become aware of a certain tempo in the conversation and that allows the conversation to flow. Facebook chatting destroys all of this natural human interaction. People no longer have to respond immediately like they would on the phone or in person. They have time to think of exactly what they would want this person to hear. Further diminishing, not only a person’s instinctive personality, but also skewing the way they are seen by the one they are talking to. Forming an unnatural bond between these people who may know nothing about the actual person, the one behind the mask being displayed. With the benefits of this new digital age come the drawbacks that we are all too aware of. Dateline’s To Catch A Predator is just one such source that exposes what happens when you think you’ve gotten to know someone online. Although this is an extreme case for a situation that has been fiercely combated, these things happen on a much smaller scale on these social network sites daily. This is partially because when human’s interact in person, we absorb all things about that person – their facial expressions, body language, voice inflection, tone of voice, speech volume, and the overall aura that a person gives off. You read "The Death of Human Interaction: A Pitfall of the Social Network" in category "Essay examples" So when all of these things are taken out of the equation and all we have are the person’s words, we begin to interpret what they are saying our own way. We begin to craft this person in our head that does not match who they are in real life. We make them into something more drastic than they are, whether that be good or bad. The reason we do this is because the human mind, by nature, is used to having the whole experience when we are talking to people. Our brains are used to having all of the aspects listed above when we are conversing with a person. So intuitively our head begins to replace these missing elements with things that it does recognize. Which could be memories of the person, things you have dreamed of or even had nightmares of. The brain brings in things it has thought about before to fill in the missing gaps. Forging an unbridgeable gap between these people, caused by the natural happenings of their brain. So, since one cannot control the instincts of the human mind, who is there to blame for this loss of human connection? These social networks have made it so we no longer have to, or want to, leave our computers to talk to our friends. They have allowed us to form these people in our heads without ever really knowing about them. This networks make it simple to keep in touch, but impossible to actually touch those we talk to. Imagine that all of your friends, all of the people you care for, are symbolized by a cotton ball. Now, a general term for that cotton ball is a â€Å"Monkey Sphere. † The reason it gained such a name was because, while testing monkeys, scientists noticed that all monkeys tended to have only about 10 to 12 other monkeys that they could cooperate with at one time. Their â€Å"monkey sphere. † They are all the monkeys that one would care for, defriend, marry, etc. And any primate outside of this sphere the monkey rejects. After this research was taken, these scientists wanted to see if the same principles applied to humans as well. Now although they are still running tests, it is clear that the human’s sphere is no doubt larger than a monkey’s just by the nature of the human brain. It simply holds more information. However, it still has its capacity for overall inter-human relationships and affections just as the monkey’s brain does. This finite amount of human connection can be most easily displayed as, like I had stated above, a cotton ball. Without the use of these networking websites your cotton ball would, no doubt, be smaller. And will get smaller the older you get. The ball will be very small and very clumped up, but very dense. Meaning, the relationships you do have are extremely close and personal relationships. Relationships where you almost know what the person is thinking or what they are going to say, without having to ask them. Facebook can’t give you that. What it can give you, however, is a much wider cotton ball. A much more outstretched monkey sphere. It does allow you to keep in contact with people that you would otherwise lose touch with. Still, by doing so it thins out the cotton ball a great deal. Someone with this cotton ball has few or no close personal relationships. They never felt the aura of the other individual in person, so they never know exactly what this person is all about. People like this will never experience a true, deep connection with another person. Never realize the similarities that lay within all people. These social networks would combat all of this by saying that their whole purpose for the site is to expand the monkey sphere. Which they do, no doubt about that. These sites definitely allow people to find and reconnect with people they have lost in their past. It lessens the social, cultural, and geographical divide throughout the world and allows more people to care for more people. And while doing so, decreases the separation between all people. Which are all undoubtably good things. We want people to care for other people. We want to encourage new relationships and rekindled ones alike. But at what cost are we constructing these relationships? We are sacrificing real human connection. We are losing the human touch, the human condition. We are steering away from personal contact and toward a world where people talk only through the digital realm. And if we keep this up, soon human interaction will be nothing but short statements and awkward pauses. Soon our monkey sphere’s will be so stretched out that they won’t be monkey sphere’s at all. They will be pulled so thin that we start to lose people off the edges. Then since the whole thing is spread so thin it is only a matter of time until even those at the center of it our lost in passing. All because there was no actual interaction between these people to tie them tighter together. Leaving us as only isolated and lonely individuals. Broken entities wondering lost in a world of blank, empty faces. We can’t allow this to happen. We have to take these technological advances as what they are, secondary ways of communications. If we allow them to replace face-to-face discussion then we are destined to lose the the greats part of the human condition. Which is knowing, appreciating, and experiencing other people and their personalities. We need to resuming the bagel-and-coffee talks. The walks together to the corner bistro or down the street. We can’t lose the desire to be in the presence of other people. Or Lazy Bean Cafes everywhere will continue to close. Public social networks will become a thing of yesteryear and we will lose ourselves in a sea of people pretending to be what they are not. And, ultimately, we will lose ourselves along the way. How to cite The Death of Human Interaction: A Pitfall of the Social Network, Essay examples

The Fall of Napoleon free essay sample

When Napoleon had been beaten, France conceded to these allies by a secret article of the first Treaty of Paris of May 30, 1814, the disposition of all countries which Napoleons fall had freed from French suzerainty. This stupendous task was reserved for a general congress, and it was agreed to meet at Vienna. The visit of the allied sovereigns to England and the pressing engagements of the emperor Alexander and Lord Castlereagh delayed the congress until the autumn, when all Europe sent its epresentatives to accept the hospitality of the impoverished but magnificent Austrian court. Metternich, though he had not yet completely established his position, acted as chief Austrian representative, and he was naturally in his capacity as host the president of the congress. Friedrich v. Gentz acted as secretary both to him and the congress and did much of the routine work. Alexander of Russia directed his own diplomacy, and round him he had gathered a brilliant body of men who could express but not control their masters desires. We will write a custom essay sample on The Fall of Napoleon or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Of these the chief were foreigners, according to the traditions of Russian diplomacy. Capo dlstria, Nesselrode, Stein, Pozzo di Borgo were perhaps the best men in Europe to manage the Russian policy, while Czartoriski represented at the imperial court the hope of Polish nationality. Frederick William Ill. of Prussia was a weaker character and, as will be seen, his policy was largely determined by his ally. Prince von Hardenberg, who by no means shared all the views of his master but was incapacitated by his growing infirmities, was first Prussian plenipotentiary, and assisting him was Baron von Humboldt. Great Britain was represented by Lord Castlereagh, and under him were the British diplomats who had een attached to the foreign armies since 1813, Clancarty, Stewart and Cathcart. Castlereagh brought with him decided views, which however were not altogether those of his cabinet, and his position was weakened by the fact that Great Britain was still at war with the United States, and that public opinion at home cared for little but the abolition of the slave trade. When parliamentary duties called Castlereagh home in. February 1815, the duke of Wellington filled his place with adequate dignity and statesmanship until the war broke out. France sent Prince Talleyrand to conduct her difficult affairs. No other man was so well fitted for the task of maintaining the interests of a defeated country. His rare diplomatic skill and supreme intellectual endowments were to enable him to play a deciding part in the coming congress. All the minor powers of Europe were represented, for all felt that their interests were at stake in the coming settlement. Gathered there also were a host of publicists, secretaries and courtiers, and never before had Europe witnessed such a collection of rank and talent. From the first the the statesmen disdain to use the dining-table or the ballroom as the instruments of heir diplomacy. All Europe awaited with eager expectation the results of so great an assembly. The fate of Poland and Saxony hung in the balance; Germany awaited an entirely new reorganization; Italy was again ready for dismemberment; rumours went that even the pope and the sultan might be largely affected. Some there were who hoped that so great an opportunity would not be lost, but that the statesmen would initiate such measures of international disarmament as would perpetuate the blessings of that peace which Europe was again enjoying after twenty years of warfare. It was not long, however, before the allies displayed their intention of keeping the management of affairs entirely in their own hands. At an informal meeting on the 22nd of September the four great powers agreed that all subjects of general interest were to be settled by a committee consisting of Austria, Russia, Prussia and Great Britain together with France and Spain. At the same time, however, it was decided by a secret protocol that the four powers should first settle among themselves the distribution of the conquered territories, and that France and Spain should only be onsulted when their final decision was announced. This was the situation which Talleyrand had to face when he arrived on the 24th of September. His first step when he was admitted to the European committee, which was in the plans of the allies to act so colourless a part, was to ignore the position of the Four and to assert that only the congress as a whole could give the committee full powers. This would have meant an almost indefinite delay, for how was it possible to decide the exact rights of all the different states to a voice in affairs ? After some heated discussion a compromise was arrived at. The opening of the congress was postponed, and Sweden and Portugal were added to the European committee, but the Four still persisted in the informal meetings which were to decide the important questions. Meanwhile separate committees were formed for the discussion of special problems. Thus a special committee was appointed consisting of the five German powers to discuss the constitution which was to replace the Holy Roman Empire, another to settle that of Switzerland, and others for other minor questions. Talleyrand had, however, already shaken the position of the allies. He had posed as he defender of the public rights of Europe and won to his side the smaller powers and much of the public opinion of Europe, while the allies were beginning to be regarded more in the light of rapacious conquerors than as disinterested defenders of the liberties of Europe. Had the Four remained united in their views they would still have been irresistible. But they were gradually dividing into two unreconcilable parties upon the Saxon- Polish question. Alexander, exaggerating the part he had played in the final struggle, and with some vague idea of nationality in his brain, demanded that the whole of Poland should be added to the Russian dominions. Austria was to be compensated in had been the most faithful of Napoleons vassals. It was Castlereagh that led the opposition to these almost peremptory demands of Alexander. A true disciple of Pitt, he came to the congress with an overwhelming distrust of the growing power of Russia, which was only second to his hatred of revolutionary France. He considered that the equilibrium of Europe would be irretrievably upset were the Russian boundaries to be pushed into the heart of Germany. Thus while willing, even anxious that Prussia should receive Saxony, in rder that she might be strong to meet the danger from the East, he was prepared to go to any lengths to resist the claims of Russia. For Austria Saxony was really of more vital interest than Poland, but Castlereagh, despite a vigorous resistance from a section of the Austrian court, was able to win Metternich over to his views. He hoped to gain Prussia also to his side, and by uniting the German powers to force Alexander to retire from the position he had so uncompromisingly laid down. With the Prussian statesmen he had some success, but he could make no impression on Frederick William. Alexander used to the utmost that influence over the mind of the Prussian monarch which he had been preparing since the beginning of 1813. Against Castlereagh he entered the lists personally, and memorandum after memorandum was exchanged. Despite the warning letters of the British cabinet which, dismayed at the long continuance of the American War, counselled caution on a question in which England had no immediate interest, Castlereagh yielded no inch of his ground. But Metternich wavered on the question of Saxony, and December saw the allies hopelessly at difference. It seemed by no means unlikely that the armies which had conquered Napoleon would soon be engaged in conflict with one another. It was Talleyrands opportunity. As Castlereagh and Metternich began to regard the position as hopeless they began to look upon him as a possible ally. Talleyrand had constantly defended the rights of Frances old ally Saxony in the name of the principle which his master Louis XVIII. represented. His passionate appeal on behalf of legitimacy was particularly adapted to the necessities of the situation. Alexander was driven into transports of rage by this championship of the ancien regime by one ho had been a servant of its bitterest foe. But Castlereagh saw that war could only be avoided if one party was made stronger than the other. The reluctant consent of the British cabinet was obtained and Talleyrand was approached as an equal. He came boldly to the front in the middle of December as the champion of Saxony; and, as Russia and Prussia were still obstinate, Metternich and Castlereagh demanded the admission of France to the secret council. This was refused, and on the 3rd of January 181 5 a secret treaty of defensive alliance was signed between France, Austria and Great Britain. For some time affairs hung in the balance, but Alexander could not mistake the tone of his opponents. Gradually a compromise was arranged, and by the end of the month all danger was past. Eventually Austria and Prussia retained most of their Polish dominions, and the latter power only received about two-fifths of Saxony. The rest of Poland was incorporated as a separate kingdom in the Russian dominions with a promise of a constitution of its own. Talleyrand had rescued France Henceforward he made no effort for the rights of the whole congress. Meanwhile other affairs had been progressing more harmoniously under the irection of special committees, which included representatives of the powers specially interested. Switzerland was given a constitution which led it in the direction of its later federalism. In Italy Austria retained her hold on Lombardy and Venetia, Genoa was assigned to the kingdom of Sardinia, while Parma went to Marie Louise, the legitimate heir, Carlo Ludivico, having to be content with the reversion after her death, the congress meanwhile assigning Lucca to him as a duchy; the claims of the young Napoleon to succeed his mother in Parma were only destroyed by the efforts of France and England. The other petty monarchs were restored, and Murats rash attempt, after Napoleons return from Elba, to make himself king of united Italy, gave back Naples to the Bourbons, an event which would have been brought about in any case in the course of the next few years (see Murat, Joachim). Holland was confirmed in the possession of Belgium and Luxemburg, Limburg and Liege were added to her dominions. Sweden, who had sacrificed Finland to Russia, obtained Norway. German affairs, however, proved too complicated for complete solution. It was difficult enough to decide the claims of the states in the scramble for territory. Eventually, however, by methods of compromise, this was adjusted fairly satisfactorily. The greater states gained largely, especially Prussia, who was given large accessions of territory on the Rhine, partly as a compensation for her disappointment in the matter of Saxony, partly that she might act as a bulwark against France. Some disputes between Baden and Bavaria remained unsettled, and many questions arising out of the new federal constitution of Germany, which had been hurriedly patched together under the influence of the news of Napoleons return, had to be postponed for further discussion, and were not settled until the Final Act agreed upon by the conference of German statesmen at Vienna in 1821. Other more general objects, such as the free navigation of international rivers and the regulation of the rights of precedence among diplomatists (see Diplomacy), were managed with much address. Castlereaghs great efforts were rewarded by a declaration that the slave trade was to be abolished, though each power was left free to fix such a date as was most convenient to itself. The Final Act, embodying all the separate treaties, was signed on the 9th of June 181 5, a few days before the battle of Waterloo. Before the work of the congress was completed Napoleon was again at Paris, and the closing stages were hurried and illconsidered. One negotiation of supreme importance was cut short for this reason. Castlereagh had left Vienna with the hope that the powers would solemnly guarantee their territorial settlement and promise to make collective war on whoever dared to disturb it. This guarantee was to include the Ottoman dominions, in whose interests, indeed, it had been brought forward. Alexander made no objection provided that the Porte would submit all outstanding f the sultan would probably have prevented a settlement, but the return of Napoleon rendered all such proposals almost absurd, and the scheme was dropped. Thus the congress of Vienna failed to institute any new system for securing the stability of the European polity, nor did it recognize those new forces of liberty and nationality which had really caused Napoleons downfall. Following the tradition of all preceding congresses, it was mainly a scramble for territory and power. Territories were distributed among the powers with no consideration for the feelings of their nhabitants, and in general the right of the strongest prevailed. For this reason it has often met with a condemnation that has perhaps been unmerited. It is true that the map of Europe shows to-day but little trace of its influence; but much of its work was determined by conditions over which statesmen had little control. Europe was not ready for the recognition of nationality and liberalism. What it wanted most of all was peace, and by establishing something like a territorial equilibrium the congress did much to win that breathing space which was the cardinal need of all

Beginners Guide to the Maya Civilization

Beginners Guide to the Maya Civilization The Maya Civilization- also called the Mayan civilization- is the general name archaeologists have given to several independent, loosely affiliated city states who shared a cultural heritage in terms of language, customs, dress, artistic style and material culture. They occupied the central American continent, including the southern parts of Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras, an area of about 150,000 square miles. In general, researchers tend to split the Maya into the Highland and Lowland Maya. By the way, archaeologists prefer to use the term Maya civilization rather than the more common Mayan civilization, leaving Mayan to refer to the language. Highland and Lowland Maya The Maya civilization covered an enormous area with a large variation of environments, economies, and growth of the civilization. Scholars address some of the Maya cultural variation by studying separate issues related to the climate and environment of the region. The Maya Highlands are the southern part of the Maya civilization, included the mountainous region in Mexico (particularly Chiapas state), Guatemala and Honduras. The Maya Lowlands make up the northern segment of the Maya region, including Mexicos Yucatan peninsula, and adjacent parts of Guatemala and Belize. A Pacific coastal piedmont range north of the Soconusco had fertile soils, dense forests and mangrove swamps. See Maya Lowlands and Maya Highlands for in-depth information. The Maya civilization was certainly never an empire, inasmuch as one person never ruled the entire region. During the Classic period, there were several strong kings at Tikal, Calakmul, Caracol and Dos Pilas, but none of them ever conquered the others. Its probably best to think of the Maya as a collection of independent city-states, who shared some ritual and ceremonial practices, some architecture, some cultural objects. The city-states traded with one another, and with the Olmec and Teotihuacan polities (at different times), and they also warred with one another from time to time. Timeline Mesoamerican archaeology is broken up into general sections. The Maya are in general thought to have maintained a cultural continuity between about 500 BC and AD 900, with the Classic Maya  beween  AD 250-900. Archaic  before 2500 BCHunting and gathering  lifestyle prevails.Early Formative  2500-1000 BCFirst  beans  and  maize agriculture, people live in isolated farmsteads and hamletsMiddle Formative  1000-400 BCFirst  monumental architecture, first villages; people switch to full-time agriculture,  Olmec  contacts, and, at  Nakbe, the first evidence of  social ranking, beginning about 600-400 BCImportant sites:  Nakbe,  Chalchuapa,  KaminaljuyuLate Formative  400 BC-AD 250First  massive palaces are built at urban Nakbe and El Mirador, first writing, constructed road systems and water control, organized trade and widespread warfareImportant sites: El Mirador,  Nakbe, Cerros, Komchen, Tikal,  KaminaljuyuClassic  AD 250-900Widespread literacy including calendars and lists of royal lineages at Copn and Tikal, first dynastic kingdoms, changing political alliances, large palaces and mortuary pyramids constructed, intensification of agriculture. Populatio ns peak at about 100 per square kilometers. Paramount kings and polities installed at  Tikal,  Calakmul,  Caracol, and Dos  PilosImportant sites:  Copn,  Palenque,  Tikal,  Calakmul,  Caracol, Dos Pilas,  Uxmal,  Coba, Dzibilchaltun, Kabah, Labna, Sayil Postclassic  AD 900-1500Some centers abandoned, written records stop. Puuc hill country flourishes and small rural towns prosper near rivers and lakes until the Spanish arrive in 1517Important sites:  Chichà ©n Itz,  Mayapan, Iximche, Utatlan) Known Kings and Leaders Each independent Maya city had its own set of institutionalized rulers  beginning in the Classic period (AD 250-900). Documentary evidence for the kings and queens has been found on stele and temple wall inscriptions and a few sarcophagi. During the Classic period, kings were generally in charge of a particular city and its supporting region. The area controlled by a specific king might be hundreds or even thousands of square kilometers. The rulers court included palaces, temples and ball courts, and  great plazas, open areas where festivals and other public events were held. Kings were hereditary positions, and, at least after they were dead, the kings were sometimes considered gods. As an example, below are linked what is known of the dynastic records of  Palenque,  Copn  and  Tikal.   Rulers of Palenque Rulers of Copn Rulers of Tikal Important Facts about the Maya Civilization Population:  There is no complete population estimate, but it must have been in the millions. In the 1600s, the Spanish reported that there were between 600,000-1 million people living in the Yucatan peninsula alone. Each of the larger cities probably had populations in excess of 100,000, but that doesnt count the rural sectors that supported the larger cities. Environment:  The Maya Lowland region below 800 meters is tropical with rainy and dry seasons. There is little-exposed water except in lakes in limestone faults, swamps, and  cenotes-natural sinkholes in the limestone that are geologically a result of the  Chicxulub crater  impact. Originally, the area was blanketed with multiple canopied forests  and mixed vegetation. The Highland Maya regions include a string of volcanically active mountains. Eruptions have dumped rich volcanic ash throughout the region, leading to deep rich soils and  obsidian  deposits. Climate in the highland is temperate, with rare frost. Upland forests originally were mixed pine and deciduous trees. Writing, Language, and Calendars of the Maya Civilization Mayan language:  The various groups spoke nearly 30 closely related languages and dialects, including the Mayan and Huastec Writing:  The Maya had 800 distinct  hieroglyphs, with the first evidence of language written on stela and walls of buildings beginning ca 300 BC. Bark cloth paper  codexes  were being used no later than the 1500s, but all but a handful were destroyed by Spanish Calendar:  The so-called long count calendar was invented by Mixe-Zoquean speakers, based on the extant  Mesoamerican Calendar. It was adapted by the classic period Maya ca 200 AD. The earliest inscription in long count among the Maya was made dated AD 292. Earliest date listed on the long count calendar is about August 11, 3114 BC, what the Maya said was the founding date of their civilization. The first dynastic calendars were being used by about 400 BC Extant written records of the Maya:  Popul Vuh, extant Paris, Madrid, and Dresden  codices, and the papers of  Fray Diego de Landa  called Relacion. Astronomy The Dresden Codex dated to the Late Post Classic/Colonial period (1250-1520) includes astronomical tables on Venus and Mars, on eclipses, on seasons and the movement of the tides. These tables chart the seasons with respect to their civic year, predict solar and lunar eclipses and tracked the motion of the planets. Maya Civilization Ritual Intoxicants:  Chocolate  (Theobroma), blache (fermented honey and an extract from the balche tree; morning glory seeds, pulque (from agave plants),  tobacco, intoxicating enemas,  Maya Blue Sweat baths:  Piedras Negras, San Antonio,  Cerà ©n Astronomy:  The Maya tracked the sun, moon, and Venus. Calendars include eclipse warnings and safe periods, and almanacs for tracking Venus. Observatories:  built at  Chichà ©n Itz Maya Gods:  What we know of Maya religion is based on writings and drawings on codices or temples. A few of the gods include: God A or Cimi or Cisin (god of death or flatulent one), God B or  Chac, (rain and lightning), God C (sacredness), God D or Itzamna (creator or scribe or learned one), God E (maize), God G (sun), God L (trade or merchant), God K or Kauil, Ixchel or Ix Chel (goddess of fertility), Goddess O or Chac Chel. There are others; and in the Maya pantheon, there are sometimes combined gods, glyphs for two different gods appearing as one glyph. Death and Afterlife:  Ideas about death and the afterlife are little known, but the entry to the underworld was called Xibalba or Place of Fright Mayan Economics See the  Maya Economics  page for information about trade, currency, agriculture, and other economic issues. Maya Politics Warfare:  The Maya had  fortified sites, and military themes and battles events are illustrated in Maya art by the Early Classic period. Warrior classes, including some professional warriors, were part of the Maya society. Wars were fought over territory, slaves, to avenge insults, and to establish succession. Weaponry:  axes, clubs, maces, throwing spears, shields, and helmets, bladed spears Ritual sacrifice:  offerings thrown into  cenotes, and placed in tombs; the Maya pierced their tongues, earlobes, genitals or other body parts for  blood sacrifice. animals (mostly jaguars) were sacrificed, and there were human victims, including  high-ranking  enemy warriors who were captured, tortured and sacrificed Mayan Architecture The first steles are associated with the Classic period, and the earliest is from Tikal, where a stele is dated AD 292. Emblem glyphs signified specific rulers and a specific sign called ahaw is today interpreted as lord. Distinctive architectural styles of the Maya include (but arent limited to) Rio Bec (7th-9th centuries AD, block masonry palaces with towers and central doorways at sites such as Rio Bec, Hormiguero, Chicanna, and Becan); Chenes (7th-9th centuries AD, related to the Rio Bec but without the towers at Hochob Santa rosa Xtampack, Dzibilnocac);  Puuc  (AD 700-950, intricately designed facades and doorjambs at Chichà ©n Itz,  Uxmal, Sayil, Labna, Kabah); and Toltec (or Maya Toltec AD 950-1250, at  Chichà ©n Itz. Archaeological Sites of the Maya Really the best way to learn about the Maya is to go and visit the archaeological ruins. Many of them are open to the public and have museums and even gift shops on the sites. You can find Maya archaeological sites in Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and in several Mexican states. Major Maya Cities Belize:  Batsub  Cave,  Colha,  Minanha,  Altun Ha,  Caracol,  Lamanai,  Cahal Pech,  Xunantunich El Salvador:  Chalchuapa,  Quelepa Mexico:  El Tajin,  Mayapan,  Cacaxtla,  Bonampak,  Chichà ©n Itz,  Cob  ,  Uxmal,  Palenque Honduras:  Copan,  Puerto Escondido Guatemala:  Kaminaljuyu,  La Corona (Site Q),  Nakbe,  Tikal  ,  Ceibal,  Nakum More on the Maya Books on the Maya  A collection of reviews of a handful of the recent books on the Maya. Finding Maya Site Q. Mysterious Site Q was one of the sites referred to on glyphs and temple inscriptions and researchers believe they have finally located it as the site of La Corona. Spectacles and Spectators: Walking Tour of Maya Plazas. Although when you visit archaeological ruins of the Maya, you generally look at the tall buildingsbut a lot  of interesting things are to be learned about the plazas, the big open spaces between the temples and palaces at the major Maya cities.

Calculating Osmotic Pressure With an Example Problem

Calculating Osmotic Pressure With an Example Problem The osmotic pressure of a solution is the minimum amount of pressure needed to prevent water from flowing into it across a semipermeable membrane. Osmotic pressure also reflects how readily water can enter the solution via osmosis, as across a cell membrane. For a dilute solution, osmotic pressure obeys a form of the ideal gas law and can be calculated provided  you know the concentration of the solution and the temperature. Osmotic Pressure Problem What is the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by adding 13.65 g of sucrose (C12H22O11) to enough water to make 250 mL of solution at 25  °C?Solution:Osmosis and osmotic pressure are related. Osmosis is the flow of a solvent into a solution through a semipermeable membrane. Osmotic pressure is the pressure that stops the process of osmosis. Osmotic pressure is a colligative property of a substance since it depends on the concentration of the solute and not its chemical nature.Osmotic pressure is expressed by the formula:ÃŽ   iMRT (note how it resembles the PV nRT form of the Ideal Gas Law)whereÃŽ   is the osmotic pressure in atmi van t Hoff factor of the soluteM molar concentration in mol/LR universal gas constant 0.08206 L ·atm/mol ·KT absolute temperature in K Step 1,Find the Concentration of Sucrose To do this, look up the atomic weights of the elements in the compound:From the periodic table:C 12 g/molH 1 g/molO 16 g/mol Use the atomic weights to find the molar mass of the compound. Multiply the subscripts in the formula times the atomic weight of the element. If there is no subscript, it means one atom is present.molar mass of sucrose 12(12) 22(1) 11(16)molar mass of sucrose 144 22 176molar mass of sucrose 342nsucrose 13.65 g x 1 mol/342 gnsucrose 0.04 molMsucrose nsucrose/VolumesolutionMsucrose 0.04 mol/(250 mL x 1 L/1000 mL)Msucrose 0.04 mol/0.25 LMsucrose 0.16 mol/L Step 2,Find absolute temperature Remember, absolute temperature is always given in Kelvin. If the temperature is given in Celsius or Fahrenheit, convert it to Kelvin. T  °C 273T 25 273T 298 K Step 3,Determine the van t Hoff factor Sucrose does not dissociate in water; therefore the van t Hoff factor 1. Step 4,Find the Osmotic Pressure To find the osmotic pressure, plug the values into the equation. ÃŽ   iMRTÃŽ   1 x 0.16 mol/L x 0.08206 L ·atm/mol ·K x 298 KÃŽ   3.9 atmAnswer:The osmotic pressure of the sucrose solution is 3.9 atm. Tips for Solving Osmotic Pressure Problems The biggest issue when solving the problem is knowing the vant Hoff factor and using the correct units for terms in the equation. If a solution dissolves in water (e.g., sodium chloride), its necessary to either have the vant Hoff factor given or else look it up. Work in units of atmospheres for pressure, Kelvin for temperature, moles for mass, and liters for volume. Watch significant figures if unit conversions are required.

Measuring performance of Hospitals at Qatar Research Paper

Measuring performance of Hospitals at Qatar - Research Paper Example Two modes of analysis have been performed namely quantitative and qualitative. A total of 40 respondents have been selected to review the performance of hospitals. The overall performance of hospitals located at Qatar is fair according to the views of patients having different country origin. The service quality of these hospitals have been measured on 8 dimensions, therefore, there are many areas for improvement for these hospitals. The important recommendation includes that hospitals should hire expert medical staff that could better treat their patients and care for them. Medical staff is a critical factor in the success of hospitals as they provide the core services to its customers. Introduction Background of the Project The aim of the project is to review the performance of hospitals located at Qatar, and to measure its performance on the basis of 8 dimensions. ... arch Question Following are the research question which will be answered through the research conducted: Are patients satisfied with overall performance and services provided by hospitals? What is the impact of reputation of hospitals and medical staffs have on patients and their experience? Does the communication matter between patients and medical and non-medical staff and how is the statement true? Are patients getting value for their money? Research Design Methods for Analysis Qualitative The study will use thematic analysis to analyze responses of descriptive questions. The keywords that are considered for evaluation include price, customer service, staff, and location. The frequency of appearance of these keywords are presented in a tabular format indicating the ranking of keywords related to additional suggestions that respondents have made for further improving patient service. Quantitative The study examines each of 8 dimensions of patient service at hospitals in Qatar on th e basis of responses collected from individuals belonging to different origins which includes Qatari, Bahraini, Omani, Pakistani, and Indians etc. The study makes the use of cross tabulation to provide the number of responses and their types for each statement under different dimensions of assessments of patient service. In this way, grouping of responses has been possible on the basis of differences in respondents’ background and origin of their country. The results from this analysis have been attached in this report as ‘Appendix B’. Appendix A is the survey questionnaire. Logic for Data Collection Medium Questionnaires have been used as the data collection medium which is relatively quicker to gather information from respondents than the other modes of data collection. The data can

U.S History Post Civil War to Present Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

U.S History Post Civil War to Present - Essay Example Westward migration in America began when the first English colonists came to America seeking land for settlement and freedom of religion and social life. In Maryland and Virginia colonists began the process of migration when they moved to the interior of America in search for new land for tobacco cultivation. Although New England colonies also moved west in search for agricultural land, they also wanted to escape the strict religion of the Orthodox Church that was led by puritans. In Pennsylvania and New York migration and settlement patterns were different. Migration from southern parts of America to the west was due to long and violent Indian wars that ended in 1718. Keywords: Populous, Rich, West, East Coast, Agriculture, Mining, Railroad, World Wars, Pioneers, Frontiers, Colonists, Orthodox, Puritans, Religion Introduction The move by people in the United States from cities on the East Coast to the west was motivated by a number of factors. These factors include agriculture, mini ng, railroad, the World Wars and religion. The construction of railroads, discovery of gold in the southwest, agriculture and facilitation of transport for goods from the industrial centers to markets in the west through the railroad were the main factors that led to movement of people from the east coast to the west. By the end of the nineteenth century, Los Angeles and San Francisco located in the west began to grow as cities. However, almost half of the population lived on farms. The move by pioneers to the west was in three great waves. The first pioneers crossed the Appalachian Mountains and settled in the river valleys of Mississippi and Ohio between the 1770s and early 1880s. The second wave took place from the 1840s to the 1860s when pioneers moved from the East Coast to the West Coast settling in Oregon and California. The last movement to the west was in the 1860s when pioneers settled in the Great Plains. These movements ended in 1890 when the government of the United Sta tes decided that there were no more frontiers to be settled. Agriculture In early 1618, the head right system gave fifty acres of land to new immigrants in Maryland and Virginia provided that they cultivated tobacco. Sponsors who paid for passage of emigrants also got a share of the land; emigrants were required to help in cultivation and management of the vast tobacco farms. With time wealthy planters got to own the largest portions of the land forcing smaller farmers to move west in pursuit of land. In 1790, the United States had a population of approximately four million people. Farmers made up the largest population of the labor force. By 1850, the population had grown to over twenty three million people; farmers who had previously made up the largest population of the labor force had decreased. Original colonies had pushed away agriculture to the west and on the Great Plains. There was ample land in the west for agriculture and rearing of livestock. The quick growth of the farm equipment industry brought more land under cultivation fueling the demand for farming in the west. In the late 1870s and 1880s there was a huge demand for beef, all Native American reservations created a boom in the cattle industry. More ranchers focused on the prairies in the west where they grazed their cattle, cowboys who were mostly blacks were

Coping With School Failure and School Achievement

Coping With School Failure and School Achievement DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS OF SCHOOL FAILURE Tony JREIGE Abstract (100 to 150 words) he present study examined the relationship between goal orientation, coping with school failure and school achievement. Two questionnaires, Goal Orientation (Niemivirta, 1996a) and The School Failure Coping Scale (Rijavec Brdar, 1997), were administered to 1057 high school students (aged from 15 to 17 years). The first goal of this study was to explore whether students can be classified in groups according to their goal orientation. The results identified four clusters of students with different achievement profiles: learning oriented, work-avoidance oriented, both performance and learning oriented and both performance and work-avoidance oriented group. Learning oriented group used emotion-focused coping the least frequently while students with combined performance and work avoidanc orientation used this kind of coping the most frequently. The second goal was to test the relationship between goal orientation patterns and the adoption of emotion-focused and problem-focused coping strategies, and academic achievement. It was hypothesized that goal orientation could predict school achievement directly and indirectly through coping strategies. Coping strategies were considered as mediators between goal orientation and school achievement. Path analysis demonstrated that direct effects of goal orientation on school achievement were not significant. The relationship between goal orientation and school achievement was mediated by coping strategies. Key Words: School failure, Depression, Anxiety, Coping. The problem of school failure is of great importance, as it affects students’ lives and future. In some cases, it leads to marginalization, rejection, alienation and exclusion; hence, the risk of a variety of other problems such as psychological and behavioral may emerge. Patterson and his colleagues (1989) point to an anti-social behavior as a consequence of such marginalization. We say that students who are marginalized and cannot easily adjust tend to drop out school. Although the importance of this topic, unfortunately, literature on the phenomenon of school failure of normally intelligent children and adolescents is still poor. There is a shortage of research that might offer an understanding of school failure in terms of psychological disorders. As a response to this fact, the main objective of this study is to look deep for emotional and psychological disorders accused to be guilty of this failure and, consequently, remove the stigma of being failure and irresponsible from students who lie behind their classmates. The main question we ask is: Do children and adolescents, who fail at school, really suffer from any psychological disorder, particularly depressive and anxiety disorders? And yet, another question emerges: Are females more susceptible to these disorders than males? As potential answers the above formulated questions, the following hypotheses were set up for the study: Children and adolescents who fail at school suffer from depressive disorders Children and adolescents who fail at school show evidence of anxiety disorders There is a gender significant difference in depressive disorders There is a gender significant difference in anxiety disorders LITERATURE REVIEW School failure The term â€Å"school failure† is difficult to define clearly; for some, it would include any kind of failure, repetition or delay in finishing school which usually leads the student to disqualification, and even to being stigmatized, especially because of the segregation between high and low achievers (Bourdieu,1994). On the other hand, researchers advanced several approaches to elucidate school failure, among these approaches we mention: Intelligence based on IQ scores. Supporters of this theory blame low IQs for school failure. Socio-economic status with children’s academic achievement: Supporters of this theory blame the poverty for school failure (Herbert, 1996; Turkheimer et al., 2003; Thomson Harris, 2004; Berliner, 2006, 2009). Interaction theory: Keddie (1973) and many others reproach the teacher for school failure. For them, teachers have a pre-defined opinion of how a student should talk and react and accordingly students are evaluated. Although all the above mentioned approaches, school failure may occur among students of high socio-economic status, beloved by their teachers, and have the ability and intelligence to succeed. Thus, these children get is a stigma of being a failure, a worthless, stupid and irresponsible person, while hidden emotional psychologicaldisorders are often the roots of their inability to meet the school’s standards. For us, several factors may lead to school failure, among these factors we mention depression and anxiety and the incapacity of using appropriate coping strategies. Depression Depression in children and adolescents is often a recurrent and very serious public health problem, it can occur with comorbid behavioral problems, suicidal risk, and psychiatric disorders, touching their whole life by impairing their social, emotional and physical health as well as their learning. Depression in children and adolescents may be expressed differently from that in adults, with manifest behavioral disorders (e.g. irritability, verbal aggression and misconduct), substance abuse and/or comorbid psychiatric disorders. In children aged between 6 and 12 years, the most common signs are classified into are school difficulties, somatic disorders (e.g. Recurrent abdominal pain, headaches), fatigue, apathy, eating disorders, lack of motivation, loss of concentration, irritability, restlessness which often lead professionals to misdiagnose the child with ADHD instead of depression (Melnyk et al.,2003). As for adolescents, the most common signs and symptoms are mood swings, social isolation, hypersomnia, feeling of hopelessness, suicidal thoughts, eating disorders and drug or alcohol abuse (Richardson et al., 1996). Risk factors for suicide in young people are: previous suicide attempts; a close family member who has committed suicide; past psychiatric hospitalization; recent loss of a significant figure (through death, divorce or separation); social isolation; drug or alcohol abuse; exposure to violence in the home or the social environment; and handguns in the home. Early warnings for suicide are talking about it, preoccupation with death and dying, giving away special possessions, and making arrangements to take care of unfinished business. Williams (2009), offers a description to identifying depressed adolescents, such as: Somatic symptoms with features of anxiety. Sometimes poor functioning at school, socially, or at home. Bad behavior, particularly in boys. Rapid mood swings often occur. The fact that children are able to enjoy some aspects of their life shouldnt preclude the diagnosis of depression. Anxiety Anxiety is a normal part of living, it’s a biological reaction. Anxiety keeps us away from harm and prepares us to act quickly when facing a danger; it is a normal reaction to a stressful situation, thus it can help us cope with it. Yet we may find it sometimes in the core of the development of psychological disorders especially when anxiety becomes an excessive irrational worry of everyday situations, and a disabling condition severe enough to interfere with a persons ability to focus and concentrate where it becomes a disorder. Helfinstein (2009) believes that â€Å"anxiety refers to the brain response to danger, stimuli that an organism will actively attempt to avoid. This brain response is a basic emotion already present in infancy and childhood, with expressions falling on a continuum from mild to severe. Anxiety is not typically pathological as it is adaptive in many scenarios when it facilitates avoidance of danger. Strong cross-species parallels—both in organisms’ responses to danger and in the underlying brain circuitry engaged by threats—likely reflect these adaptive aspects of anxiety†. Half a century ago, Grinker (1959, p.56) believed that normal anxiety could be objective and real when we face natural situations that generate anxiety, e.g. child before his exams, parents in front of their child’s illness. Almost a century ago, in his â€Å"A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis† (1920), Freud believed that anxiety was used â€Å"in connection with a condition regardless of any objective†, it’s â€Å"a subjective condition, caused by the perception that an â€Å"evolution of fear† has been consummated†. †¦ Nowadays, for the American Psychologists Association (2013) describe Social Anxiety Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder among the anxiety disorders include where METHOD Sample The sample of this study comprised of 187 children and young adolescents (Males = 122 and Females = 65) aged between 10 and 15 years suffering of school failure and enrolled in the fourth to the eighth grades, randomly drawn from 10 schools located in Mount Lebanon Caza (5 governmental and 5 private). Tools Anxiety The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) developed by Speilberger in 1970 was used. It consists of two 20-item scales that measure state and trait anxiety in children between the ages of 8 and 14. The A-State scale examines the shorter-term state anxiety that is commonly specific to situations. It prompts respondents to indicate how they feel ‘right now’ (e.g. calm, upset) on a 3-point scale ranging from 1 to 3. Summing responses creates a total score that can range from 20 to 60. The A-Trait scale measures longer-term trait anxiety, which addresses how the child generally feels. It asks respondents to choose the best word that describes them in general (e.g. rarely, sometimes, and often) on a 3-point scale ranging from 1 to 3. Summing responses creates a total score that can range from 20 to 60. A separate score is produced for the State scale and the Trait scale to determine which type of anxiety is dominant and which type of treatment is the most appropriate. In 2001, we standardized this scale for the Lebanese children aged between 8 and 17; the cut points for normal children were: A-State scale: 33.36 The A-Trait scale: 37.26 The PROMIS Anxiety scale (AS) is the 13-item Short Form that assesses the pure domain of anxiety in children and adolescents. The PROMIS Anxiety scale was developed for and can be used with children ages 8–17. Each item asks the child receiving care to rate the severity of his or her anxiety during the past 7 days, and is rated on a 5-point scale (1=never; 2=almost never; 3=sometimes; 4=often; and 5=almost always) with a range in score from 13 to 65 with higher scores indicating greater severity of anxiety. The raw scores on the 13 items should be summed to obtain a total raw score. Next, the T-score table should be used to identify the T-score associated with the child’s total raw score and the information entered in the T-score row on the measure. The T-scores are interpreted as follows: Less than 55 = None to slight; 55.0—59.9 = Mild; 60.0—69.9 = Moderate; 70 and over = Severe Depression The Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI), first published by Maria Kovacs in 1992, assesses the severity of symptoms related to depressionand/ordysthymicdisorder. The CDI is a 27-item self-rated and symptom-oriented scale suitable for childrenandadolescents aged between 7 and 17. It asks respondents to choose the best sentences that describe their state during the last two weeks,on a 3-point scale ranging from zero to 2. Summing responses creates a total score that can range from zero to 54. The cut-point of 19 is able to differentiate between normal and depressive children (Doerfler, 1998; Ø ¬ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¬, 2001) The PROMIS Depression scale (DS) is the 14-item Short Form that assesses the pure domain of depression in children and adolescents. The PROMIS Depression scale was developed for and can be used with children ages 8–17; however, it was tested only in children ages 11–17 in the DSM-5 Field Trials. Each item asks the child receiving care to rate the severity of his or her depression during the past 7 days, and is rated on a 5-point scale (1=never; 2=almost never; 3=sometimes; 4=often; and 5=almost always) with a range in score from 11 to 55 with higher scores indicating greater severity of depression. The raw scores on the 11 items should be summed to obtain a total raw score. Next, the T-score table should be used to identify the T-score associated with the total raw score and the information entered in the T-score row on the measure. The T-scores are interpreted as follows: Less than 55 = None to slight; 55.0—59.9 = Mild; 60.0—69.9 = Moderate; 70 and over = Severe RESULTS SPSS for Windows (Version 17) was used for all analyses. The One-Sample T-Test was used to compare our sample’s levels of anxiety and depression with the means of normal children and adolescents of their ages. The Independent-Samples T-Test was used to understand whether anxiety and depression differed based on gender. Overall, Table 1 illustrates a general view Means and standard deviations of our of the study’s participants for STAIC, Anxiety Scale, CDI and Depression Scale where we can notice high means in comparison with their cut-points. These findings are proved by the T-test (Table 2) where the One-Sample T-Test was run to determine whether our psychological variables scores in our participants were different to normal. Defined as a Astate cut-point of 33.36, mean score (38.11 ± 3.06) (see Table 1) was higher than the normal cut-point; a statistically significant difference of 4.75 (99% CI, 4.16 to 5.33),t(186) = 21.21, p= .000. As for the Atrait, mean score (42.08 ± 3.82) was higher than the normal cut-point (37.26); a statistically significant difference of 4.82 (99% CI, 4.09 to 5.55),t(186) = 17.24, p= .000. The Anxiety Scale where the cut-point is 55, mean score (60.23 ± 2.46) was higher; a statistically significant difference of 5.23 (99% CI, 4.76 to 5.70),t(186) = 28.99, p= .000. These result are also noticed in depression scales as the CDI cut-point is 33.36, while mean score (20.02 ± 2.23) was higher; a statistically significant difference of 1.02 (99% CI,0.59 to 1.44),t(186) = 6.24, p= .000. Nevertheless, results on the Depression Scale revealed a mean score (58.79 ± 2.27) higher than the normal cut-point (55); a statistically significant difference of 3.79 (99% CI, 3.36 to 4.22),t(186) = 22.82, p= .000. Table 1. Means and standard deviations for the participants on psychological variables Table 2. T-test for the participants on psychological variables On the other hand, this study found no statistically significant difference on the Astate Checklist between males (37.95  ± 2.98) and females (38.40  ± 3.22) (Table 3),t(185) = -0.956,p= 0.341 > 0.05 (Table 4). Nevertheless, male participants had statistically significantly lower mean (41.61  ± 4.10) than females’ (42.95  ± 3.07),t(185) = -2.308,p= 0.022 On the Anxiety Scale, both males (59.78  ± 2.73) and females (61.06  ± 1.58) differ significantly in their perception of anxiety, t(185) = -3.481,p= 0.001 The main effect was also significant for the CDI, male participants had statistically significantly lower mean (19.71  ± 2.25) than females’ (20.58  ± 2.09),t(185) = -2.586,p= 0.01. This result was also observed for the Depression Scale where males mean score was (58.43  ± 2.42) and females’ was (59.46  ± 1.79) , t(185) = -3.027,p= 0.003 Table 3. Gender differences on psychological variables Table 4. Independant Sample T Test by gender on psychological variables DISCUSSION CONCLUSION The study calls for a fundamental change of attitudes in educational development and policy making and a redefinition of school failure as a consequence not so much of the child’s unwillingness to study, but of his inability to perform well. As a school dropout explained his decision to drop out:

Bush and Branson: Dichotomies of Power

Jane Jacob’s book, Systems of Survival, discusses two types of ethical or value systems governing our working lives, with each one the complete foil of the other. These two systems describe the framework by which we operate day to day, procuring our needs and securing our own territories. It is interesting to note that while the two systems in question are polar opposites, there are several instances where organizations use a combination of the two.However, it is worth mentioning that while the two are indeed different, both, as products of their own unique environment, are equally necessary and valid to the circumstances in which they arise and within the context of their use. There are times when one system leverages another for its own advantage. The two systems are Guardian Moral Syndrome and the Commercial Moral Syndrome. From their names alone, it is easy to guess their differences from one another. The first model, the Guardian Moral Syndrome, generally refers to people or agencies that are protective or defensive in nature.Examples of guardians are the military and the police, organizations which employ force in order to achieve its goals. The Commercial Model Syndrome is used by commercial or business entities. The commercials use trade in order to advance its interests. The main argument of Jacobs’ book is that our world uses only two methods to acquire resources and those are to trade in an atmosphere of symbiosis, or take another’s resources by force under the pretense of a variety of reasons. As Paquet & Gilles explains, â€Å"Guardian moral syndrome underpinning hierarchical system, and commercial moral syndrome underpinning market-type organizations.(1999, p. 35)In this regard, this paper will try to differentiate the two systems more clearly by citing two famous personalities who embody each system or model and try to explain their actions in light of the values that define each system. Guardian Moral Syndrome: George W. Bu sh It is perhaps unfortunate to be the President of the United States at the time when the September 11 World Trade Canter attack took place. Imagine the burden of responsibility, made more difficult to bear with the whole world watching your every move. George W.Bush, the current President of the United States made the decision to retaliate and take an offensive stance against terrorism, saying that it was a necessary move to protect his country. Soon after the 9-11 attacks, the United States, backed by its international allies waged a war on Afghanistan to free the country from the iron grip of the Taliban rule. By doing so, Bush redefined the concept of terrorism from nameless, stateless entities, to one that is closely associated with the country that is giving them safe passage (Moens, 2004, p. 164).A country that harbors a terrorist shares in the sin and will suffer the consequences of doing so. Up to now, even the face of growing dissent, Bush has continued its war against te rrorism. After Afghanistan, Bush went on to attack Iraq and weed out Saddam Hussein. While he was successful at bringing Hussein down, the long drawn out war in Iraq is hugely unpopular in the United States. Bush is receiving increasingly heated criticism from his own country. From receiving the highest approval rating immediately following the 9-11 attacks, his ratings plummeted to a level lowest in recent history.According to Sammon, Bush defends his position by saying that terrorism is not a criminal offense, but an act of war. (2006, p. 25). It is very plain to see how Bush is exhibiting the Moral Guardian Syndrome. He does not hesitate to use force to advance his own cause. Perhaps encouraged by the success of the Afghanistan campaign, he truly believes that he can rid the world of terrorists. Values such as exert prowess, take vengeance, deceive for the sake of task, be fatalistic, can be seen in Bush’s leadership style.Primarily, it is the unflinching willingness to us e physical force that defines Bush’s presidency. In order to protect his territory and resources, he embraces force and stands his ground. The use of military might to exact vengeance and uphold a way of life holds true with the Guardian Moral Syndrome. In fact, the need for righteous revenge was what galvanized the United States soon after the World Trade Center was attacked, killing thousands of people. Bush capitalized on his country’s united call for justice in order to indefinitely maintain his war against terrorists and extremists.He protects his turf by actively seeking out and eliminating those who threaten his territory and he does so with firm belief in his cause. Bush personifies the guardian moral syndrome because the use of righteous force governs his thoughts and actions. He remains faithful to the cause and is more than willing to pay the price for his advocacy and beliefs. Commercial Model Syndrome: Sir Richard Branson Sir Richard Charles Nicholas Brans on is the owner of the Virgin group of companies. He was born in Surrey, England and is currently the fifth richest man in the United Kingdom.Branson is a high school dropout because his dyslexia was getting in the way of his learning. His teachers, who did not know any better at that time thought he was a slow learner. Whatever shortcomings Richard had in his academic life, he made up with his entrepreneurial spirit, Richard has always been enterprising, venturing into businesses at a young age. He was 21 years when he opened his first record store in 1971. In the 1980’s, Branson’s Virgin record label grew rapidly, spurred primarily by his flamboyant and competitive style. What started out as a small record store is now a globally-recognized brand.A big part of Branson’s early success was the choice of name for his business, but foremost was his passion and faith for what he is doing. He was focused and had his eye on the goal from day one. He leveraged his sma ll successes in order to take on grander undertakings. Fridson describes Branson’s success. â€Å"The unconventionality reflected in Branson’s managerial style is a personality trait that made him a highly successful innovator throughout his career. † (1999, p. 226) Branson breaks the mold of the traditional successful businessman (Nelson and Quick, p. 111).Nevertheless, he is still remains to be a classic example of the commercial moral syndrome and is a good case in point. Among all the values embodied by the commercial moral syndrome, Branson is the epitome of optimism. He had explicit faith in his own success, and the positive expectations he had for himself became a self-fulfilling prophecy, as evidenced by his Virgin conglomerate. Aside from his optimism, Branson is also industrious and efficient, and does not balk at the competition. However, it should be noted that among all of Branson’s traits as a businessman.He best embodies the qualities of th e commercial moral syndrome with his willingness to innovate. Among the precepts of the commercial moral syndrome says that one should be open to inventiveness and novelty. There should be a willingness to try something new and keep redefining the current state of things. Branson, for all his successes, could have just chosen to rest on his laurels and enjoy the fruits of his hard work. But the need to raise the bar keeps him on the top of his game. This perhaps is the hallmark of every great businessman.The willingness to create something new, and accept the risks that go with it are what sets the Branson from the rest of the crowd and is perhaps the main reason for his success. Branson acquires resources and riches by engaging in business under a free market economy, and he expands on his territory by using what he has earned as funds in order to acquire more. He enters into agreements and partnerships to diversify and knows how to invest productively and is optimistic even as he takes calculated risks. Branson is a model for the commercial moral system because he represents all the best that this system embodies.He is perhaps one of the best arguments for this model. Branson has proved that with the right attitude, anyone can be successful businessman, even a school drop-out like he is. Indeed the concept of a dichotomy in business and government entities is dictated by the circumstances wherein they are being used. One model or syndrome is not necessarily better over the other because they were made for entirely different reasons. Guardian precepts are designed to strengthen the individual against fear and weakness, but it should be tempered with a strong sense of fairness and justice.The best guardians are that person who, while believing in the necessity of force, exhausts all peaceful means before using it. Force should always be a last resort, and must never be used to advance any selfish interests. Conversely, commercial precepts are designed for the accumulation of wealth under a free market environment. But it success in a commercial model should be tempered with civic responsibility and the willingness to give back to the community and help those who have not been so fortunate in life. The two people mentioned in this paper does embody the qualities of each system.They are operating within their own zones and are successful in their own right. However, I believe that the world is far too complex to be condensed into a black and white model. While there is no doubt that Jacobs has great insights on how we act to survive and keep our turf, most things in life are not as clearly defined. Depending on the situation, we can be guardians or commercials, or a bit of both. And while the two people discussed here typify one model or another, there is no saying how long will they stay that way and how will they act if their life circumstances were any different, or if something changes in their environment.